Themes in European Integration History Lecture 5: Integration history and history of international r

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Themes in European Integration HistoryLecture 5
Integration history and history of international
relations

• Lecture course 3 November 15 December 2006
• Juhana Aunesluoma
• University Lecturer in Political History
• University of Helsinki
• course pages www.valt.helsinki.fi/blogs/jauneslu/e
  uhistory.htm

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Todays lecture

• EU integration and the history of the
  international system
• integration in various international contexts
• EU and the Cold War context
• transatlantic relations
• Soviet Union and European integration
• a geopolitical explanation of European
  integration
• a hegemonic alternative to the revisionist views
  of Milward and Moravcsik
• NOT in the lecture integration studies from the
  viewpoint of international interdependence or
  global economic interdependence, political
  economy
• see references in Moravcsik for more information
  of this school

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International politics 1945-2006

• 1944-46 towards the cold war, bipolar system
• 1947-53 first cold war, Korean war, rearmament
• 1954-57 first détente, renewal of dialogue
• 1958-62 crisis years, on the brink
• 1963-68 stabilization, MAD, peripheral crises
• 1969-78 détente, end of bipolarism, dialogue
• 1979-85 second cold war, peripheral crises
• 1985-91 end of the cold war
• 1991-2001 peace dividends
• 2001- global war on terror

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International politics and integration

• origins of the cold war
• management of European reconstruction and
  rearmament, ERP-ECSC
• consolidation of spheres of influence
• CMEA, EEC/EFTA, NATO, Warsaw Pact
• periods of détente
• the need of maintaining alliance structures
• end of the cold war
• unrestricted European integration, rapid
  enlargement

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Conceptualisations of superpower politics and
integration

• hegemonic stability -thesis
• European integration as a sub-part of the overall
  stability provided by the US 1940s to late 1960s
• grand strategy
• containment (US)
• security spheres (SU)
• ideology
• integration a desirable outcome per se
• integration a form of capitalist expansion and a
  vehicle for state-capitalist cooperation

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Empire by invitation?

• Geir Lundestad the Europeans called for US
  presence after the Second World War
• motive Europeans own military and economic
  security against perceived threats
• not because of admiration of US achievements or
  attraction towards USs political, social or
  economic system
• Europeans did not invite americanization
• motives power political, realpolitik
• the US had the capacity to support and protect
• other views
• John Lewis Gaddis empire by consent
• Charles S. Maier consensual hegemony
• John Ruggie embedded liberalism

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Nuclear politics

• the forgotten dimension, Gunnar Skogmar (2004)
• strong US role in driving European integration
  essential, indeed hegemonic
• strategic motivations, double containment
• economic aspects secondary
• main issue nuclear weapons
• should Europe have nuclear weapons?
• problems
• the New Look strategy normalcy of nuclear
  weapons
• West German sovereignty, French great power
  status
• three possible solutions
• the national option, the transfer option, the
  European option
• supranational integration provided a solution to
  the problem of German nuclear capabilities
• it provided the instruments with which German
  sovereignty could be limited
• France obtained its own nuclear weapons, Germany
  did not

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A troubled partnership?

• European challenges to US leadership in the 1960s
• UK
• Suez crisis 1956
• EEC
• nuclear weapons interdependent deterrence
• France
• comprehensive challenge to US hegemony
• Suez 1956 European solutions necessary
• economy EEC, Bretton Woods
• bridgebuilding to the East
• nuclear weapons independence
• defence out of NATOs command structures 1966
• West Germany
• sovereignty, need for own foreign policy
• Ostpolitik
• cold war nuclear strategy stress on political
  solutions
• Berlin crises

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Transatlantic trouble shooting

• a constant management of divergent interests and
  tensions in US-Europe relations
• declarations, high level diplomacy, pragmatic
  cooperation on lower levels
• containment of integration within the established
  frame of US- West European relations
• European political and defence cooperation within
  the overall transatlantic framework
• US primacy of NATO (at least until 2000s)
• Europe different views
• points of friction
• trade policy
• cold war nuclear strategy

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Soviet Union and W. European integration
1945-1970s

• the reaction towards the Marshall plan
• creation of Cominform 1947
• tightening grip within its own sphere
• renewed criticism towards integration
• ideological capitalism critique
• pragmatic integration consolidated the Western
  bloc in Europe
• territorial definition of security
• fears of German revival
• integration increases US influence in Europe
• integration a vehicle to consolidate the division
  of Europe

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Soviet Union and W. European integration
1970s-1991

• Soviet policy to confirm the division of Europe
• 1975 CSCE principles 1945 borders, status quo
• EEC a reality
• especially in trade policy (full competence 1970)
• need and wish to extend economic relations with
  the West
• but no basic change in the ideological position
  prior to 1985
• after 1985
• continued détente in Europe
• the perceived dynamism of integration in the
  1980s the pull from the West
• perestroika
• outside stimulus for reforms
• Common European Home
• Western Europe surging too far ahead

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End of the Cold War

• fall of superpower détente 1978
• but not in Europe renewed tension not desirable
• trends 1980s
• reform politics in the East (or a call for
  reforms)
• deeper integration in the West
• responses to same economic and social forces?
• at the same time strong status quo thinking and
  policies
• 1989-90 agreement upon German reunification
• no prior plans, surprise
• 1990- changed security perceptions

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Continents apart?

• Geir Lundestad eight factors (2003)
• 1 the end of the cold war NATO role, divergent
  threat perceptions
• 2 rise of unilateralism in the US different
  modes of operation, different worldviews
• 3 potential in EUs foreign and security policy
  deepening and widening of integration, possible
  rift with USA
• 4 difficulties in NATO out-of-area operations
• 5 difficulties in defining and balancing
  leadership and responsibilities in the NATO
  alliance
• 6 commercial and trade disputes
• 7 cultural clashes anti-Americanism
  (anti-Europeanism)
• 8 changes in US demography non-European America

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Conclusion

• main phases and turning points of European
  integration can be explained from a geostrategic
  or geopolitical perspective
• strong driving forces towards deeper European
  cooperation
• systemic change in 1989-91 and the changed agenda
  of integration
• integration and international alliance structures
• a part of a wider network of cooperation
• integration and threat perceptions
• internal, external
• what is integration what phenomena should we
  include in our analysis of integration
• Institutional, economic, what forms of
  cooperation etc.?
• but why supranational solutions?...

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Further reading

• Pascaline Winand Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the
  United States of Europe (1993).
• Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western
  Europe since 1945 (2003).
• Gunnar Skogmar, The United States and the Nuclear
  Dimension of European Integration (2004).
• Jeffrey J. Anderson, The European Union, the
  Soviet Union, and the End of the Cold War,
  Desmond Dinan (ed.), Origins and Evolution of the
  European Union (2006), 253-270.
• Andrew Gamble, Between Europe and America. The
  Future of British Politics (2003)
• John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know. Rethinking the
  Cold War (1997).
• Vladislav Zubok Constantine Pleshakov, Inside
  the Kremlins Cold War. From Stalin to Khrushchev
  (1996).