USAID and Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

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USAID andWater Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
Anthony Kolb Bureau for Econ Growth, Agriculture
and Trade U.S. Agency for International
Development akolb_at_usaid.gov
John Borrazzo, Ph.D. Bureau for Global
Health U.S. Agency for International Development

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A History of USAID Water Supply, Sanitation and
Hygiene

• 1980-1994 Evolution from pumps and pipes to
  institutions and training, some hygiene
• 1994-2004 Increasing emphasis on health
  outcomes, behaviors, and the enabling
  environment
• 2004-present Diverse activities, e.g. Hygiene
  Improvement Project, integrated programs,
  partnerships (Coke, PG), utility reform, finance
  
• Recent Influences Senator Paul Simon Water for
  the Poor Act of 2005

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Not a simple sector

• USAID has no overarching water-related objective
• Part of
• Health
• Natural Resources Management
• Financing/credit activities
• Economic growth
• Education
• Democracy and Governance
• Infrastructure
• Humanitarian Assistance

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Examples of USAID WSH activities

• Hygiene improvement and POU water treatment
• Urban utility governance and financing
• Water supply in the context of water resources
  management
• X-cutting Partnerships

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The assumption that improved water supply is
safe is often false

• Need for storage often unsafe or unhygienic
• Improper handling during transport and use

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Mean 262 CFU Median 62 CFU WHO low risk lt10 CFU
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Point-of-use Water Treatment and Safe StorageA
Proven Intervention

• Proven technology (efficacy) chlorine, combined
  flocculent-chlorine, solar disinfection, ceramic
  filters, biosand filters (emerging evidence)
• Proven benefits in field settings under
  conditions of actual use (effective) typical
  range of outcomes is 30-50 reduction in
  diarrheal disease
• Proven program strategies (sustainable,
  scaleable, affordable, cost-effective) current
  USAID strategy focuses on social marketing,
  community-based communication and sales, private
  sector driven

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Urban problems are severe and require innovative
solutions
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Finding Urban WASH Solutions

• Link poor communities with service providers
• Balanced improvement of infrastructure-behaviors
• Re-emphasize sanitation (lagging everywhere)

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Possible Modes of Collaboration

• Support to common implementing partners (country
  level)
• Complimentary actions (Example policy advocacy
  supporting program implementation)
• Global Development Alliances (GDA) partnering
  strategically, especially with private sector

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West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI)

• Partnership reducing waterborne disease in
  Niger-Mali-Ghana
• Partners
• Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, Cornell, Desert
  Research Institute, Helen Keller Institute,
  International Trachoma Initiative, Lions Club,
  UNICEF, USAID, WaterAid, World Chlorine Council,
  World Vision, and Winrock
• So far
• Education activities
• 131 school health/sanitation clubs
• gt1100 wells drilled or rehabilitated
• 25,000 latrines constructed

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Take-home messages

• USAID has diverse interests in water supply,
  sanitation, and hygiene
• Most USAID resources are field driven, in over
  eighty countries around the world
• FY08 appropriations legislation signed in
  December 2007 requires USAID to spend 125
  million out of 300 million total for WSH in
  sub-Saharan Africa
• USAIDs water supply, sanitation, and related
  activities are still small relative to the scale
  of the problem ? need for innovative
  cost-effective partnerships programs.