SUSTAINABILE BUILDINGS WITH PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

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SUSTAINABILE BUILDINGS WITHPRECAST /
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
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AIA/CES Program

• Precast Concrete Institute (PCI) is a Registered
  Provider with The American Institute of
  Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit
  earned on completion of this program will be
  reported to CES Records for AIA members.
  Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members
  are available on request.
• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
  continuing professional education. As such, it
  does not include content that may be deemed or
  construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
  AIA of any material of construction or any method
  or manner of handling, using, distributing, or
  dealing in any material or product.

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Learning Objectives

• At the end of this presentation, you will be able
  to
• Appreciate the sustainability aspects of
  architectural and structural precast concrete
• Utilize precast concrete to design buildings with
  longer service life and better energy efficiency
• Determine if precast concrete can contribute to
  your next LEED certified project

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Why is Sustainability Important?

• The U.S. uses more energy and natural resources
  per capita than any other nation.
• Buildings have an impact on the use of natural
  resources in two ways
• The resources used to create and construct the
  building
• The resources used to maintain, remodel, and
  operate over time.

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Sustainable Buildings with Precast / Prestressed
Concrete

• How can precast concrete be specified and
  designed into a project to the benefit of the
  environment and the projects bottom line.

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Every day the worldwide economy burns an amount
of energy the planet required 10,000 days to
createthe stored solar energy is burned and
released by utilities, cars, houses, factories,
and farms.
Source Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce
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History of Sustainability?

• Energy efficiency gained importance during the
  1970s oil crisis
• Recycling efforts in the 1970s became
  commonplace and came to the attention of the
  building industry
• 1980s the sick building syndrome emerged
• Projects in water scarce areas began to focus on
  water conservation
• Early green designs focused on one issue
• 1990s integration of all factors would result in
  a high performance building

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Why be Sustainable?

• In the U.S., building operations consume
• 70 of the electricity generated
• gt36 of primary energy i.e. natural gas
• 12 of potable water.

Source USGBC website. February 28, 2007.
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Why be Sustainable?

• Americans spend 90 of their time inside of
  buildings.
• Building materials and energy consumption affect
  the health of the population
• Outdoor air water quality are affected by
  resources and energy used in buildings
• Indoor air quality is dependent on the materials
  used to build and furnish the buildings.

Source USGBC website. February 28, 2007.
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Why be Sustainable?

• During their construction, buildings produce
• 30 of national output of greenhouse gases
• 38 of CO2 emissions in the U.S.
• 136 million tons of construction demolition
  waste

Source USGBC website. February 28, 2007.
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Why be Sustainable?

• Worldwide, buildings use 40 3 billion tons of
  the available raw materials used in construction
  operations.
• Fifteen million new buildings are projected to be
  constructed by 2015.

Source USGBC website. February 28, 2007.
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Market Influences

• Client Expectations
• Government Regulations

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Federal Regulations

• USDA Forest Service
• Dept. of Interior
• Dept. of State
• EPA

• GSA
• U.S. Air Force
• U.S. Army
• U.S. Navy

These federal agencies all require some form of
LEED certification.
Source BDC, November 2006, p. 50.
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One prime motivation for early action on climate
change is the looming threat of greenhouse gas
controls. Nearly all companies in this report
(90) believe that government regulation is
imminent, and 67 believe it will come between
2010 and 2015.
Corporate Motives
Source Getting Ahead of the Curve Corporate
Strategies to Address Sustainability
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Precast Concrete Construction May Contribute to
the Following LEED Categories

• Sustainable Sites
• Water Efficiency
• Energy and Atmosphere
• Materials and Resources
• Indoor Environmental Quality
• Innovation and Design Process

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High Reflectivity

• White or light colored precast concrete reduces
  heat in urban areas
• This reduces the amount of electricity for A/C,
  which reduces smog and improves urban air
  quality.

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Energy Conservation
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Night and Day

• Lighting accounts for 25 of annual electricity
  usage when combined with reflective (white)
  precast concrete, efficiency is enhanced
• Lighting enhances security, reducing crime.

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Cooler communities

• By reducing the heat island urban effect precast
  construction can improve energy use, reduce
  greenhouse gases, lower air and water pollution,
  and enhance sustainable development
• White roofs and shade trees have proven to lower
  the need for a/c

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Energy and Atmosphere

• The earths resources are best conserved if the
  service life of a building is prolonged, so the
  durability and longevity of precast concrete make
  it an ideal choice.

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• Energy efficiency and renewable energy
• Optimum Energy performance
• Renewable resources
• Local materials
• Environmentally friendly production practices

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Energy Efficiency

• 36 of ALL energy consumed in the U.S. is
  consumed by buildings
• Energy efficient building shell is one that
  integrates and optimizes insulation levels,
  glazing, shading, thermal mass, air leakage
  control, and light-colored exterior
  surfaces(Sustainable Building Industry Council
  - High Performance School Buildings 2005 2nd
  Edition)

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Energy Conservation
Valley River Office Park Eugene,
OregonArchitect Boutwell, Gordon, Beard and
Grimes
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Use of Vertical Fins
Medical Science Research Building, Duke
University Medical CenterDurham, North
CarolinaArchitect Payette Associates
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Energy Conservation
East Los Angeles Municipal Courts BuildingEast
Los Angeles, CaliforniaArchitect Kanner
Architects
Arizona Public Service Administration Complex,
Phoenix, ArizonaArchitect DFD Cornoyer-Hedrick
formerly Comoyer-Hedrick Architects Planners
Cantilever floor used to shade windows
Deep recessed windows
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Energy Efficiency
The R-value provided by the insulation and the
concretes thermal mass combine to provide a high
insulating value in a relatively thin and durable
panel.
Exterior Wythe
Interior Wythe
Insulation
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Energy Efficiency
Thermal mass is particularly beneficial in spring
and fall in Northeast climate where there are
wide fluctuations in temperatures
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Heat Capacity

• Used in energy codes to determine if a wall has
  enough mass to use mass criteria or mass credit
• Ability to store heat per unit area of wall area
• Codes require an HC greater than 6 Btu/ft2F in
  order to use mass wall criteria
• These criteria allow a lower wall R-value

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ASHRAE 90.1-2004, R-value Req for Walls
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Thermal Mass Effect

• Absorbs outside and inside heat and slowly
  releases

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Thermal Mass Effect

• Delays the onset of peak heating or cooling loads
• Reduces indoor temperature fluctuations to
  improve occupant comfort

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Thermal Mass
Precast Concrete Walls
Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels
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Thermal Mass Effect

• May reduce peak demand/energy consumption and
  enable downsized HVAC systems
• Varies by climate and project type

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Wall Assembly Performance

• Energy transfer is minimized by wall design
• Add insulation
• Add mass
• Minimize thermal bridging
• Minimize infiltration exfiltration
• Control moisture

Heat Energy
Warm Air
Cool Air
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• Precast Concrete Insulated Wall System
• Insulation can run edge to edge
• Ready for immediate window/door installation, and
  panel to panel caulk

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Composite Structural Design
INSULATEDCOMPOSITELOAD-BEARING PANEL75 lb/sf
INSULATED CLADDINGPANEL 75 lb/sf
NON-COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL110
lb/sf
SOLID WALL PANEL
75 lb/sf
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Thermal Comfort

• Humidity control in facility
• HVAC
• Preventing moisture formation on interior walls

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Sustainable Precast Concrete

• Anticipating and designing for maintenance/repair
  and designing in flexibility for changes in
  usage can also extend service life.

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• Conservation of materials and resources
• Building reuse
• Construction waste management
• Resource Reuse
• Recycled Content
• Local/ regional Materials

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Building Reuse

• Precast conrete members are unique in that they
  can be dis-assembled. Precast concrete walls can
  be used for building expansion or fire walls.
• Crushed concrete can be used as aggregate or
  can be used as base material for roads, sidewalks
  or slabs.

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Managing the environment

• Compared to logging (wood) and mining (steel)
  aggregate and limestone extraction is the least
  disruptive to land
• In a few years after closing, quarries can be
  restored to agriculture, nature preserves, parks
  or other uses.

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Renewable Materials

• 85 of Precast Concrete is made up of the
  naturally occurring materials sand and stone.
  Compared to other materials extraction requires
  low amounts of energy and they go directly into
  the finished product.

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Concrete (and cement)

• Cement manufacturing uses industrial byproducts
  from other sectors both as production ingredients
  and as fuel.
• Cement manufacture is energy intensive.
• A medium-sized cement kiln consumes up to 300
  million BTUs of fuel per hour.

Source EPA Sector Strategies Performance Report
2006
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Concrete (and cement)
U.S. CEMENT PRODUCTION
4 of U.S. Industrial Carbon Emissions
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40
5
50

• CO2 Output
• Chemical Process
• Energy

RAW MATERIALS PREPARATION
CLINKER PRODUCTION
FINISH GRINDING

• Energy Input
• Heat
• Electricity

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10
10
70
0.6 of U.S. Energy Consumption
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Local Materials

• The use of local cements, aggregates, etc.
  keeps transportation of raw materials to a
  minimum.

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Local Precast Production
Precast Concrete components are most often
transported and erected within 200 miles of the
plant.
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Re-usable forms

• Steel forms are used to cast structural precast
  products. These forms have a long life span
  providing thousands of reuses.
• Specialty shaped forms are stored for future use.

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Reusable Forms

• Re-use of forms reduces waste and debris at the
  job site.
• Construction sites are cleaner, neater and
  quieter.

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Controlled Environment
Exact Batching Technologies little waste at
plant
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Qualified and trained personnel minimize waste
every day
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Controlled Environment

• SCC (Self-Consolidating Concrete)
• Grey water is often recycled

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Controlled Environment

• Enclosures allow for the recycling of sand or
  acid used in finishing techniques for APC

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Recycled Materials

• Use of fly ash, slag or silica fume is
  commonplace as substitute for cement
• Reinforcement and connection hardware are made
  from recycled steel
• Substitution aggregates

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DESIGN AND DETAIL CONSIDERATIONS
DURABILITY
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• Conservation of resources-
• Prestressing allows designers to create longer
  spans, using less material and leading to
  enhanced flexibility of buildings in their use.

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Clean Site

• No packaging required
• Fewer trades
• Precast concrete construction reduces impact to
  site in both time and area

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Sustainable Precast Concrete

• Indoor environmental quality
• Day lighting and Views
• Control Contaminant sources
• Low Emitting Materials Concrete emits low or no
  VOCs

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Open Space
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Indoor Air Quality

• Precast concrete is vermin proof eliminating the
  need for chemical treatments or inhumane traps.

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Indoor AQ

• Precast floors / walls also provide first class
  sound proofing with typical STC 50 -55.

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Indoor AQ

• Using precast walls reduces the out-gassing often
  attributed to other materials.

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Indoor Air Quality

• Because precast concrete is inert it does not
  require VOC-based preservatives like wood.
• Textured interior walls can provide aesthetic
  alternatives to VOC-emitting paints or wall board

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Sustainable Design

• Because precast concrete is non-combustible it
  does not require additional fire-proofing
  applications.
• Precast structures are built to last for many,
  many years.

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Structural Fire Endurance

• Fire ratings are determined based on full scale
  fire testing of structural assemblies per ASTM
  E119
• UL Rated products

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Indoor environmental quality Excellent sound
and fire protection and high thermal mass touch
on every aspect of sustainable design as well as
the important aspect of increased consideration
for peoples health and safety
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Sustainable Precast Job Sites

• Scheduling for efficient, on-time deliveries of
  precast that minimize vehicular idling time and
  traffic congestion

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Sustainable Precast Job Sites

• Use of modular systems minimizes construction
  waste

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Sustainable Precast Job Sites

• Education of field personnel to ensure QC
• Dust, noise minimized

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Innovation and Design Process

• Innovation in Design
• LEED accredited professional

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Building Design Considerations

• Energy Efficiency
• First Costs vs. Life Cycle Costs
• Durability (or Service Life)
• Space Flexibility
• Environmental Impact
• Quality of Life

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Precast Integration Strategies

• Use precast panel as interior surface
• Saves material, no need for additional framing
  and drywall
• No construction debris

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Single vs. Dual-use Components

• Converting to a dual-use element may require
  adding thickness and height to accommodate
  structural reinforcing.

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Velocity Condominiums, Hoboken, NJ

• Improve IAQ by enclosing building quickly
• Reduce mold

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Precast Integration Strategies

• Use parking garages to reduce building footprint
  and site disturbance
• More parking can be added in less space.

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Precast Integration Strategies

• Use thermal mass in combination with appropriate
  insulation levels in walls
• Thermal mass with insulation provides energy
  benefits that exceed the benefits of mass or
  insulation alone

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Precast Integration Strategies

• Design wall panels to be disassembled for future
  function changes
• Saves material, extends service life of panels

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Precast Integration Strategies

• Materials with long life cycle and low
  maintenance will require less replacement and
  maintenance during the life of the building
• Use durable materials

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Glenview at Westfield's, Chantilly, VA
4-Story Office 80,000 sf Erected in 20 days
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Precast Integration Strategies

• Reduce and recycle construction waste

• Reduces transportation and disposal costs of
  wastes.

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Achieving Sustainable Design

• Integrated/holistic approach includes
• Building as a whole
• Life cycle focus
• Teamwork
• Solutions that yield multiple benefits
• Evaluation to ensure goals are met

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Economic Benefits

• Competitive first costs
• Reduce operating costs
• Lower utility costs significantly
• Optimize life-cycle economic performance
• Increase building valuation
• Decrease vacancy, improve retention
• Reduce liability

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For more Information

• Call 1-800-453-4447
• E-mail info_at_mapaprecast.org
• Web www.mapaprecast.org
• PCI www.pci.org