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Humanistic Psychology

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The humanistic perspective was based on the belief that human beings have an innate need to search for the meaning of life. The founders of humanism also based this perspective on the belief that human beings were self-reflective, self-determined, and possessed free will – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Humanistic Psychology


1
Humanistic Psychology
  • Katie Blumenshein, Dimitri Vitebsky, Geeta
    Devjani, Sandy Cerda, Nairy Kevork, Stacy Blanco,
    Anja Langner, Avichg Cohen

2
History of Humanism
  • In 1954, Humanistic Psychology gave rise after
    the First and Second Forces of Psychology,
    Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis.
  • Humanistic Psychology, the Third Force, was
    popularized during the 1950s and 1960s
    following WWII and the Cold War.
  • During this time period psychologists were
    seeking a more optimistic and nurturing approach
    in response to the stresses that came with war.

3
The Humanistic Perspective
  • Unlike the first force of psychology, human
    behavior was no longer attributed to conditioned
    responses to the environment or a result of early
    childhood experiences, as was explained by such
    as the second force.
  • The humanistic perspective was based on the
    belief that human beings have an innate need to
    search for the meaning of life.
  • The founders of humanism also based this
    perspective on the belief that human beings were
    self-reflective, self-determined, and possessed
    free will.

4
Philosophical Influences
  • Humanism was largely influenced by early Greek
    and Hebrew philosophers, as well as Europeans of
    the Renaissance era, who believed that human
    beings were unique in that they had the ability
    to love, have self-consciousness, and seek
    self-actualization.
  • Such early thinkers included Kierkegaard,
    Nietzsche, Sartre, Buber, and Heidegger.

5
Influence from Existential Psychology
  • The humanistic approach has its roots in
    existentialist thought. Existential philosophy
    grew out of nineteenth century writings of these
    philosophers just mentioned, and was later
    elaborated in the phenomenological philosophies
    of Husserl and Heidegger.
  • While the term phenomenology is a complicated
    term which many philosophers and psychologists
    disagree about, the essence of what it means for
    Existential and Humanistic psychology is that
    they value personal experience.
  • In the 1940s the theories of existentialism were
    given a name, and an enormous boost in
    popularity, by Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and
    other European intellectuals who suffered through
    World War I and come out on the other side with a
    philosophy focusing on self-reliance,
    authenticity, responsibility and morality.

6
Influence (continued)
  • How did this philosophy get translated into
    psychology and furthermore what does it have in
    common with Humanistic Psychology?
  • The existentialists could be thought of as
    stressing the meaning of human existence. Thus,
    they can be seen as predecessors of modern
    Humanistic Psychology.

7
Carl Rogers(Father of Humanism)
  • Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park,
    Illinois a suburb of Chicago
  • His education started in the second grade,
    because he could already read before
    kindergarten
  • Carl Rogers was very isolated, independent, and
    self-disciplined as a child.
  • He went to the University of Wisconsin as an
    Agriculture major
  • Later, he switched his major to religion to study
    for ministry
  • After graduating, Carl Rogers married Helen
    Elliot, moved to New York city, and began
    attending the Union Theological Seminary.

8
Carl Rogers (CONT)
  • After attending a seminar Rogers realized that
    his interest was not with the ministry and moved
    on to pursue Psychology
  • Rogers than switched to the Clinical psychology
    program of Columbia University, and received his
    PhD. In 1931
  • He was offered a full professorship at Ohio
    State in 1940
  • In 1942, he wrote his first book, Counseling and
    Psychotherapy
  • It was while working there that in 1951 he
    published his major work, Client-Centered
    therapy, wherein he outlines his basic theory

9
Client Centered Therapy
  • The purpose of this therapy is to help the client
    discover a better way to develop self awareness
  • Based on the idea that client can make positive
    and constructive choices.
  • People are trustworthy (can solve problems
    without intervention)
  • People are capable of self-directed growth if
    involved in a therapeutic relationship
  • Under nurturing conditions an individual can move
    forward and resolve their problems.

10
Client Centered Therapy
  • Rogers believed that people are capable of self
    directed growth if they are in a therapeutic
    relationship
  • We are capable of directing ones life
  • His primary focus was helping the client discover
    more appropriate behaviors by becoming aware of
    their true self and develop ways to fully
    encounter reality.

11
Promoting Growth
  • Congruence Being genuine
  • Unconditional Positive Regard (It is consistent
    and active attention to the client that will
    allows to become fully aware of our feelings)
  • Empathy Ability to grasp the individuals
    subjective world

12
Psychopathology
  • Neurotic persons deny awareness of significant
    sensory and emotional experiences
  • Experiences that are incongruent with their
    self-structure are subceived reality is denied
    or distorted
  • Distortion and denial results in self-experience
    discrepancy

13
Psychopathology
  • Rogers differentiated among forms of defensive
    behaviors
  • Rationalization, in which a person distorts
    behavior in such a way as to make it consistent
    with the self
  • Fantasy a man who defensively believes himself
    to be an adequate person may fantasize that he is
    a prince
  • Projection people whose self-concept involves
    no bad sexual thoughts may feel that others are
    making them have these thoughts

14
Types of resistance
  • -Introjection Accepting others beliefs and
    standards
  • -Projection Take certain aspects of ourselves
    and put it into the environment
  • -Retroflection Doing to ourselves what we like
    someone to do to us
  • - Deflection Using distraction to make it
    difficult to maintain contact
  • -Confluence Blurring of the self and the
    environment

15
Therapists Job
  • The therapist helps promote change but are not to
    direct change in the client
  • Develops an environment where the patient can
    grow
  • Is respectful, real, understanding and caring the
    client. In doing this the client can let go of
    his/her defenses, gain perception and reconnect
    with themselves.

16
Since Rogers..
  • Other psychologists have followed the Humanistic
    Psychology outlook.
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Fritz Perls
  • Victor Frankl

17
Abraham Maslow
  • Maslow became the leader of the Humanistic school
    of psychology that emerged in the 1950s and
    1960s, which was referred to as the third
    force.
  • Humanistic psychology gave way to several
    different therapies, guided by the idea that
    people have inner resources for growth and
    healing, therapy is used to help remove obstacles
    in achieving this goal.
  • Maslows primary contribution to psychology is
    his hierarchy of needs.

18
Maslow Hierarchy
  • Basic needs air, water, food, and sex.
  • Safety needs security and stability.
  • Psychological/social needs belonging, love, and
    acceptance.
  • Esteem respect of others and by others,
    self-esteem, confidence and achievement.
  • Self-actualizing needs the need to fulfill
    oneself, to become all that one is capable of
    becoming.

19
Maslow thought that humans had a hierarchy of
needs that they sought to fulfill in their lives.

20
Self-Actualized
  • Genuineness Youve achieved self-actualization
    if you can be open with your thoughts and
    feelings and if your external behavior matches
    your internal thoughts. Being honest encourages
    others to be genuine as well.
  • Acceptance You're self-actualized when you
    value people even when you know of their failings
    and dark sides. Unconditional positive regard
    toward your own self is key to a happy, peaceful
    and fulfilled life.
  • Empathy You can relate to anothers emotions
    and experiences. Self-actualization involves
    being empathetic.

21
Frederick S. Perls
  • Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893-1970) was the
    originator of Gestalt Therapy, along with his
    wife, Laura Perls.
  • It is both existential (people are always in the
    process of rediscovering themselves) and
    phenomenological (focuses on clients perception
    of reality), and it is based on the premise that
    individuals must be understood in the context of
    their ongoing relationship with the environment.

22
Goals of Therapy
  • Person to person relationship between client and
    therapist.
  • Wants the client to gain awareness of what they
    experience and go through.
  • Aims to move from environmental support to
    self-support.

23
Goals of Therapy
  • Therapy wants people to live in and appreciate
    the present the past holds people back from
    coming to terms with the present.
  • People are left with unfinished business which
    can turn into unexpressed feelings of resentment,
    rage, hatred, pain, etc.

24
Basic principles of Gestalt therapy
  • Holism View people as a whole, all dimensions
    of human functioning.
  • Field Theory Organism is seen in its
    environment, as part of the constantly changing
    field.
  • The Figure-Formation Process How an individual
    organizes the environment from moment to moment.
  • Organismic Self-Regulation People do the best
    to regulate themselves based on their
    capabilities.

25
Victor Frankl
  • Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist as well as
    a Holocaust survivor
  • Founder of Logotherapy
  • He who has a why to live for can bear with
    almost any how. (Nietsche, 1963)

26
Logotherapy
  • Search for a meaning in life Primary
    motivational force in human beings
  • Frankl's approach is based on three philosophical
    and psychological concepts
  • Freedom of Will
  • Will to Meaning, and
  • Meaning in Life

27
Logotherapy
  • Techniques
  • Paradoxical intention wishing the very thing
    you are afraid of breaks down the neurotic
    vicious cycles
  • Dereflection shifting attention away from
    oneself and onto others
  • Ultimate goal self-transcendence
  • assist the client in rediscovering the latent
    religiousness (meaning to life) that exists in
    each of us
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