Nathan E. Hultman

1
International Climate Change Politics Policy

• Nathan E. Hultman
• Energy and Resources Group
• Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory
• University of California, Berkeley

hultman_at_socrates.berkeley.edu http//socrates.berk
eley.edu/rael
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Presentation today

• International agreements
• Negotiation process and blocs
• Current status of national and international
  legislation
• Some reactions to U.S. policies
• Additional resources

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

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Framework Convention on Climate Change

• Objective Prevent dangerous anthropogenic
  interference with the climate
• Dangerous undefined, but covers ecosystems,
  food supply, and sustainable economic development
• Principles
• Equity
• Common but differentiated responsibility
  Annex I, II
• Precaution in face of serious or irreversible
  damage
• Commitments
• 1990 levels by 2000
• All kinds of other activities, including
  reporting and ongoing negs
• Adopted in 1992 EIF 1994 Currently 186 Parties,
  incl. US

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Negotiating Blocs

• Association of Small Island States (AOSIS)
• Threatened with submersion by global warming
• G77 China
• Want developed countries to take the lead in
  reducing
• European Union
• Willing to make early reductions
• US Japan Australia New Zealand
• Higher fossil fuel dependence
• Reluctant to commit
• Russia
• Economic slowdown gives surplus

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC

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Kyoto Protocol1 of 2

• Commitments
• Binding targets for Annex I parties
• 5 below 1990 levels by 2012
• Targets based on net changes in emissions of 6
  greenhouse gases
• General commitments for all parties
• Implementation
• Domestic policies, incl. domestic sinks
• Supplemental Flexibility mechanisms
• Emissions Trading
• Clean Development Mechanism
• Joint Implementation

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Kyoto Protocol2 of 2

• Minimizing impacts on Developing Countries
• Adaptation Fund
• Other provisions for most vulnerable
• Monitoring
• Accounting, Reporting, and Review procedures
• Expert review teams
• Compliance
• Facilitative and Enforcement branches

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Kyoto Flexibility mechanisms
Modified from UNCTAD, GHG Market Perspectives
(2001)
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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements

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Interim Negotiations CDM issues

• Baseline and additionality
• Acceptable projects
• Renewable energy
• Repowering
• Nuclear
• Sinks
• Governance Executive Board
• Public participation and oversight
• Monitoring and accounting

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
• 2001 Marrakesh Accords

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Marrakesh Accords Finally, the details
MA includes Marr. Declaration
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Marrakesh Accords Major results

• Flexibility Mechanisms
• Eligibility, Registries, Conducting transactions,
  etc.
• Accounting fungibility
• New non-bankable RMU for Annex I
• CDM Rules and Executive Board
• Compliance Rules for penalty and enforcement
• Minimizing Adverse Effects New funding sources
• Postponed Review of Commitments

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Marrakesh Accords Funding Options

• New Funds
• Climate Change Fund
• complementary to GEF Climate Change funding
• Adaptation, Technology Transfer, Econ.
  Diversification
• Sectors energy, transp, industry, agr, forestry,
  waste mgt
• Least-Developed Countries Fund
• Adaptation
• Additional GEF, multilateral, bilateral funding
• For capacity building in LDCs and EITs

Expert group established
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Marrakesh Accords CDM Exec Bd

• Named 10 members, 10 alternates
• Duties
• Approve methodologies for baselines, monitoring
• Accredit operational entities
• Develop and administer CDM registry
• COP/MOP retains oversight and review
• First meeting was June 2002
• More info at http//unfccc.int/cdm/index.html

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
• 2001 Marrakesh Accords

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International Climate Policy Legal Milestones

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
• 2001 Marrakesh Accords
• 200? Entry into force of Kyoto Protocol (?)

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KP Ratification and Entry-into-force

• Requires 55 of Parties with 55 of emissions
• Already Ratified
• European Union, Japan (36 of emissions)
• Many developing countries
• Already Rejected
• United States
• Australia
• Undecided but declared intention to ratify
• Russia, Canada

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Bridge to International trading

• Currently operating national trading
• Denmark
• United Kingdom
• Proposed trading
• European Union
• Private sector
• Internal corporate programs
• Voluntary multi-corporation programs

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International Climate Policy Legal
MilestonesSummary

• 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1995 Berlin Mandate
• 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
• 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
• 2001 Marrakesh Accords
• 200? Entry into force of Kyoto Protocol (?)

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Conclusion International Climate Policy
Intersection with Sustainable Devt

• Kyoto Instruments
• Clean Development Mechanism
• Adaptation Fund
• Least Developed Countries Fund
• Climate Change Fund
• Arrangements outside Kyoto
• Corporate initiatives
• NGO activities

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Additional InformationClimate Policy and
Development

• UNFCCC Secretariat. http//unfcc.int
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, esp.
  Working Group 3. http//www.ipcc.ch
• Austin, D., and P. Faeth (2000). Financing
  sustainable development with the Clean
  Development Mechanism. World Resources Institute,
  Washington, DC. http//www.wri.org
• Hourcade, J.C., and M.A. Toman (1999). Policies
  for the design and operation of the Clean
  Development Mechanism. Resources for the Future,
  ed. http//www.rff.org
• Humphreys, S., Y. Sokona, and J.-P. Thomas
  (1998). Equity in the CDM. Linkages Journal, 16
  October, 3(4) 9-12. http//www.iisd.ca/linkages
• Mathy, S., J.C. Hourcade, and C. Gouvello (2001).
  Clean Development Mechanism Leverage for
  development? Climate Policy 1(2) 251-268.
  http//www.climate-policy.com
• Subak, S. (2000). Forest protection and
  reforestation in Costa Rica Evaluation of a
  clean development mechanism prototype.
  Environmental Management 26(3) 283-297.