Slides marked with JB are from Jason Brownings Basics of Creation presentation. His web site: http:m

1
Credits

• Slides marked with JB are from Jason Brownings
  Basics of Creation presentation. His web site
  http//mall.turnpike.net/C/cs
• Slides marked with a MR are from Mike Riddle, The
  Fossil Record presentation. Institute for
  Creation Research, www.icr.org,
  Mike_at_Train2Equip.com
• Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells
  http//www.iconsofevolution.com Some slides
  modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklamas Icons of
  Evolution presentation, heinz_at_osta.com,
  www.osta.com. In particular, the Fossil horses
  and a small portion of Darwins Finches.
• Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton
• You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.

2
Credits

• Also, many slides in this presentation are
  modifications of slides provided by
• Reason To Believe Origin of Humanity, Cavemen,
  Hominids,and the Fossil Record, A Survey of
  Modern Christian Perspectives
• Mike Riddle, Fossil Record presentation.
  Institute for Creation Research, www.icr.org,
  Mike_at_Train2Equip.com
• Origins Research Association http//www.originsres
  ource.org/sunsch.htm

3
Know The Truth
Philosophy
Geology
Biology

• Exploring the claims of evolution against the
  astonishing revelations of empirical science
• - Gods creation revealed!

Physics
Paleontology
Creation
Astronomy
Psychology
Anthropology
4
10 ICONS OF EVOLUTION

• Miller-Urey Experiment
• Darwin's Tree of Life
• Homology
• Haekel's Embryos
• Archaeopteryx

5
10 ICONS OF EVOLUTION

• Peppered Moths
• Darwin's Finches
• Four-winged Fruit Flies
• Fossil horses
• Ape to Man

6

• Miller-Urey Experiment

7
Origin of life

• There are only two possibilities as to how life
  arose. One is spontaneous generation arising to
  evolution the other is a supernatural creative
  act of God. There is no third possibility.
  Spontaneous generation, that life arose from
  non-living matter was scientifically disproved
  120 years ago by Louis Pasteur and others. That
  leaves us with the only possible conclusion that
  life arose as a supernatural creative act of God.
  I will not accept that philosophically because I
  do not want to believe in God. Therefore, I
  choose to believe in that which I know is
  scientifically impossible spontaneous generation
  arising to evolution?.- Dr. George Wald,
  Professor Emeritus of Biology at Harvard
  University, Nobel Prize winner in Physiology

8
1953 Miller-Urey Experiment

• Experiment simulated hydrogen-rich atmosphere of
• Methane,
• Ammonia
• Hydrogen
• Minimal Water Vapor.

9
Miller-Urey Experiment

• A laboratory flask containing a simulation of a
  hydrogen-rich, oxygen-poor atmosphere, in which
  electric sparks produce the chemical
  building-blocks of living cells

10
Miller-Urey Experiment

• Miller hypothesized that there was no
  oxygen in the primeval earth.
• Tests run with no oxygen!

11
1970 Geo-Chemist Results

• Empirical results of experiments that the Earths
  primitive atmosphere consisted of
• Water vapor (primary)
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen
• Hydrogen
• Ultraviolet rays turn water vapor into oxygen and
  hydrogen!

12
Textbook on Miller Urey

• 2000 Biology, Ken Miller and Joseph Levine
• By re-creating the early atmosphere (ammonia,
  water, hydrogen, and methane)Miller and Urey
  proved that organic matter such as amino acids
  could have formed spontaneously.

13
Science Magaziine on Miller Urey

• 1995, Jon Cohen
• the early atmosphere looked nothing like the
  Miller-Urey simulation.

So why teach it the way they do in textbooks?
14
Miller-Urey Experiment

• The likelihood of life having occurred
  through a chemical accident is, for all intents
  and purposes, zero.
• Robert Gange, Ph.D., Origins and Destiny,
  1986, p. 77.
• Millers beguiling picture of a pond full
  of dissolved amino acids under a reducing
  atmosphere has been discredited
• Freeman Dyson, Origins of Life, 1999, pp. 25-26.
• (Dyson is a Professor at the Institute for
  Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of
  NAS.)

15
MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT

• TOOL
• B R E A T H E !

16
OXYGEN PROBLEM

• Oxygen Exists
• Oxygen destroys amino acids (through oxidation)
  think RUST!
• Oxygen Doesnt Exist
• If there was no oxygen, then UVO light would
  destroy amino acids!

17
Rational Thought

• Oxygen based life is irreducibly complex Origin
  of life must be designed as an oxygen-based
  process whereby a biological unit processes
  oxygen, provides regenerative properties and is
  protected from UVO light by a layer of oxygen.

18

• DARWINS TREE OF LIFE

19
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
Actual Data
T I M E
Tree of life
Sudden appearance of complex creatures Created
after their kind
Darwinian Model
Morphology
20

• Darwins Tree of Life
• vs.
• Typology

21
Darwins Tree of Life

• Darwins Tree of Life symbolizes Darwins special
  evolution theory that all life forms sprang from
  a common ancestor through one advantageous change
  and after another.
• For example, a single cell became a multiple
  cell creature which, in turn, acquired changes to
  become a jellyfish, which, it turn acquired
  changes to become a fish (with a backbone!)...you
  get the picture..No? Here...let me show you. ?

22
Darwins Tree of Life
Common Ancestor
23
Typology

• All species can be classed according to a set of
  features they share. Species share an underlying
  theme or design that does not change and provides
  the basic foundation of their being.
• For example, mammals, reptiles, and birds all
  have different designs upon which we classify
  them.

24
Typology
Common Ancestor
Each class is separate and distinct from the
other.
25
What does the evidence say?

• FOSSIL RECORD
• What does it say?
• There is no fossil evidence connecting Cambrian
  animals to organisms preceding them. There is no
  long history of gradual divergence predicted by
  Darwin.

26
Fossil Record ?Typology!
Each class is separate and distinct from the
other.
27
What does the evidence say?

• BIOCHEMISTRY
• Biochemistry looks at life at the molecular level
  
• To find evidence, examine DNA to determine the
  change between creatures.
• EVOLUTION If evolution is true, we should be
  able to look at animals, A-D, and see a pattern
  of A -gt B -gt C -gt D at the molecular level gene
  patterns.
• TYPOLOGY If typology is true, we should see no
  correlation between gene patterns of animals A-D,
  but rather a distinct separation of classes.
• What do we see?

28
Biochemistry - Protein Experiment

• Proteins are made up of amino acids arranged in a
  specific order.
• Experiment
• Extract the protein from all blood bearing
  creatures.
• Compare the orders of the amino acids.
• Determine whether the order aligns with
  evolutionary or typological classification.

29
Protein Cytochrome C

• Protein, Cytochrome C, is made up of 100 amino
  acids arranged in a specific order.
• Its function is to provide energy at the cellular
  level.
• It occurs in animals from bacteria to mammals, so
  it is an excellent candidate for the experiment.
  
• 1089 samples were used.

30
Experiment Results
horse pigeon tuna silkmoth wheat yeast
64
64
65
bacteria
65
66
69
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
bacteria differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 65!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
equally, totally separate and distinct!
31
Experiment Results
horse pigeon turtle carp lamprey
27
25
26
silkmoth
25
30
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
silmoth differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 26!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
equally, totally separate and distinct!
32
Experiment Results
horse (mammal) rabbit (mammal) chicken
(bird) turtle (reptile) bullfrog (amphibian)
13
13
14
carp
13
13
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
silmoth differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 13!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but,
equally, totally separate and distinct!
33
Experiment Results
horse pigeon tuna silkmoth wheat yeast
64
64
65
bacteria
65
66
69
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
bacteria differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 65!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
totally separate and distinct!
34
Experiment Results

• Equal distance between classes indicates design
  not gradual change from single cell to man.

35
Biochemistry ?Typology!
The mathematical perfection of isolation between
classes is astonishing!
36

• H O M O L O G Y

37
DARWINS ARGUMENT

• HOMOLOGY LOOKS ALIKE
• The bones in vertebrate limbs, whether bat,
  porpoise, horse or human, follow a similar
  pattern must be a common ancestor

38
Haekel's Embryos
Early drawings were faked.
39
Haekel's Embryos
Humans never have gills as embryos! Embryonic
Stages for different animals are not similar!
40
Homology - Textbook

• 1998 Douglas Futuyama, Evolutionary Biology
• The concept of homology is absolutely
  fundamental to what we are talking about when we
  speak of evolution yet in truth we cannot
  explain it all in terms of present day biological
  theory

41
Homology - Textbook
As such, if textbooks use the drawings at all,
it is as an historical example and as a way to
illustrate the concept in such a way that
students are able to grasp it immediately. Even
if the drawings are fraudulent, they can still be
used for this purpose, because the concept they
illustrate is by no means fraudulent.
Futuyama, Evolutionist textbook writer, wrote
textbook Biology, 1998
42

• ARCHAEOPTERYX

43
The Amazing Tricerakeet!
44
Education and Textbooks
Biology, Miller and Levine, 2002, p. 907.

• To many paleontologists a bird is a dinosaur
  with feathers. That definition may sound odd, but
  it makes sense.

45
Education and Textbooks
Biology Principles and Explorations, Holt,
Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 268.

• Birds evolved from reptiles during the Jurassic
  period.

46
Archaeopteryx
Biology Concepts and Connections, Campbell,
Mitchell, and Reece, 2000, p. 390.

• Like modern birds, it had flight feathers, but
  otherwise it was more like some small bipedal
  dinosaurs of its era for instance, like those
  dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx had teeth, wing claws,
  and a tail with many vertebrae.

47
What Textbooks Dont Include
James Perloff, Tornado in a Junkyard, 1999, p. 18.

• As for its reptile characteristics, yes, it
  had claws on its wings, but so does the ostrich,
  and nobody considers it part reptile.
• True, Archaeopteryx had teeth, but so did other
  fossil birds, and its teeth differed distinctly
  from those of reptiles
• As to Archaeopteryxs tail, further inspection
  has shown it strongly resembles a swans.

48
Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design,
Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study
in the area of design in nature), Hallmarks of
Design,2002, p. 47.

• Birds are so different from other creatures that
  there would have been hundreds of thousands of
  intermediate forms between birds and land animals
  if birds had evolved.

49
Reptile to Bird

• Development of feathers
• Reform of respiratory system
• Reform of skeletal system hollow bones
• Reform of digestive system
• Reform of nervous system
• Construction of bills beaks
• Mastery of nest building
• Acquisition of flight
• Development of sound producing organ

50
The Feather
51
Archaeopteryx
Alan Feduccia (World authority on birds),
Science, Archaeopteryx Early Bird Catches a Can
of Worms, 1993

• Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx
  into an earth-bound, feathered dinosaur. But its
  not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no amount
  of paleobabble is going to change that.

52
Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Alan Feduccia, (professor and former chair of
biology at UNC), The Origin and Evolution of
Birds, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 81.

• This creates a new problem for those who insist
  that dinosaurs were ancestors of modern birds.
  How can a bird hand, for example, with digits
  two, three and four evolve from a dinosaur hand
  that has only digits one, two and three? That
  would be almost impossible.

53
Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Dr. Alan Feduccia, Scientist Says Ostrich Study
Confirms Bird Hands Unlike Those Of Dinosaurs,
EurekAlert, 14-Aug-2002.

• If one views a chicken skeleton and a dinosaur
  skeleton through binoculars they appear similar,
  but close and detailed examination reveals many
  differences. Theropod dinosaurs, for example, had
  curved, serrated teeth, but the earliest birds
  had straight, unserrated peg-like teeth. They
  also had a different method of tooth implantation
  and replacement.

54
Archaeopteryx
David Menton (Ph.D. Cellular Biology) and Carl
Wieland (M.D.), Bird Evolution Flies Out the
Window, Creation Ex Nihilo, 1994.

• And like other birds, both Archaeopteryx's
  maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw)
  moved, while in most reptiles, only the mandible
  moves. Archaeopteryx's brain had a large
  cerebellum and visual cortex the same as that
  found in todays flying birds.

55
Reptile to Bird
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design,
Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study
in the area of design in nature), Hallmarks of
Design,2002, p. 47.

• It is often speculated that birds evolved from
  reptiles. However, there are enormous conceptual
  differences between the two classes of creature

56
Dinosaur to Bird Evolution

• Is there any real evidence that dinosaurs evolved
  into birds?

• National Geographic Society and the feathered
  dinosaur Archaeoraptor October 15, 1999

57
Bird Fraud

• Red-faced and downhearted, paleontologists are
  growing convinced that they have been snookered
  by a bit of fossil fakery from China. The
  feathered dinosaur specimen that they recently
  unveiled to much fanfare apparently combines the
  tail of a dinosaur with the body of a bird.

R. Monastersky, All mixed up over birds and
dinosaurs, Science News, January 15, 2000
58
More Bird Mistakes

• 1993 Mononkykus the flightless bird (cover of
  Time magazine)
• Not a bird but a theropod

• 1996 Feathered Fossil Proves Some Dinosaurs
  Evolved into Birds (Science) Sinosauropteryx
  prima
• The feathers turned out to be a array of fibers

• 1998 China Protoarchaeopteryx robusta

59
Feathered Deceptions
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, 2002
X
Microraptor
Sinornithosaurus
Caudopteryx
60
Evidence, Faith Deception
X
61
Credits

• Some slides modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklamas
  Icons of Evolution presentation, heinz_at_osta.com,
  www.osta.com. In particular, the Fossil horses
  and a small portion of Darwins Finches.
• HUGE CREDIT to
• Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells
• Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton
• You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.

62

• PEPPERED
• MOTHS

63
Peppered Moths

• Most peppered moths were light-colored in the
  early part of the 19th century
• Moths became predominantly melanic or
  dark-colored near heavily polluted cities during
  the industrial revolution in Britain

64
Natural Selection

• The means by which organisms survive through
  advantageous change with respect to each other
  descent with modification.

65
Kettlewells Experiments

• In the early 1950s Bernard Kettlewell performed
  some experiments that suggested that predatory
  birds ate light-colored moths when they became
  more visible on pollution-darkened tree trunks
• It appeared that natural selection played a role
  in the survival of the dark-colored variety of
  moths
• Most biology textbooks illustrate this example of
  natural selection with photographs showing two
  varieties of peppered moth resting on light- and
  dark-colored tree trunks
• What the textbooks do NOT tell you is that these
  photographs have been staged since peppered moths
  in the wild do not rest on tree trunks

66
Problems With the Evidence

• The percentage of melanics predicted by the
  theory did not materialize in the different areas
  of England e.g. in some areas melanism increased
  after the introduction of pollution control
• Later determined that tree trunks are not the
  natural resting places of peppered moths. Moths
  normally rest underneath or on the side of narrow
  branches
• Moths were manually placed in desired positions
  for the experiments, i.e. the photographs were
  staged
• This cast serious doubt on the validity of
  Kettlewells experiments

67
Peppered Moths - Evidence?

• The evidence Darwin lacked, Kettlewell lacked as
  well.
• Sermonti and Catastini, Italian biologists,
  mid-1980s
• the story of industrial melanism must be
  shelved as a paradigm of new-Darwinian
  evolution.
• Sibatani, Japanese biologist
• Darwins missing evidence for natural selection
  is still missing!

68

• DARWINS
• FINCHES

69
Darwins Finches

• Darwin studied 13 species of finches in the
  Galapagos Islands while on a voyage in 1835. The
  finches differ mainly in the size and shape of
  their beaks
• The various species were concluded to be the
  result of natural selection since the beaks of
  the finches are adapted to the different foods
  they eat

70
Finch Facts

• The natural selection observed in the 1970s
  reversed direction soon after, resulting in no
  net evolutionary change
• Several finch species appear to be merging
  through hybridization

71

• F R U I T
• F L I E S

72
FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY

• Four-winged fruit flies do not occur
  spontaneously! they must be bred in the
  laboratory from three artificially maintained
  mutant strains
• The extra wings lack flight muscles

73
FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY

• Not evidence of evolution!
• They dont mate!

A FOUR-WINGED FRUIT FLY CANNOT SURVIVE!
74
Experimental Conclusions

• They provide no evidence that DNA mutations
  supply the raw materials for morphological
  (change in body parts) evolution
• No useful organism has been produced, and the
  organism cannot reproduce
• The four-winged fruit fly does not provide the
  missing evidence for evolution
• Genetic mutations are not the raw materials for
  large-scale evolution
• A fruit fly is still a fruit fly!

75
Comments by Evolutionists

• Major mutations such as bithorax are such
  evident freaks that these monsters can be
  designated only as hopeless. They are so
  utterly unbalanced that they would not have the
  slightest chance of escaping elimination through
  natural selection.
• Harvard Biologist Ernst Mayr, 1963.

76

• FOSSIL
• HORSES

77
Horse Evolution
78
Fossil Horses

• Othniel C. Marsh invented this entire series back
  in the 1870s. He arranged them in the order he
  thought they would have evolved.
• They are not found in that order, i.e. a single
  line. This is known to be untrue!

79
Horse Evolution Theory

• Horse evolution is based on the following
  assumptions
• Four-toed -gt three-toed -gt two-toed -gt one-toed
  (today)
• Number of ribs varies between 15 and 19
• Similarities in the horse skulls
• Similarities in leg bones

80
Fossil Horses

• The most famous of all equid horse trends,
  gradual reduction of the side toes, is flatly
  fictitious.
• Simpson G. G. 1953. The Major Features of
  Evolution. New York and London Columbia
  University Press, p 263

81
Fossil Horses

• The record of evolution is still surprisingly
  jerky and, ironically, we have even fewer
  examples of evolutionary transition than we had
  in Darwins time. By this I mean that some of
  the classic cases of Darwinian change in the
  fossil record, such as the evolution of the horse
  in North America have had to be discarded or
  modified as a result of more detailed
  information--what appeared to be a nice simple
  progression when relatively few data were
  available now appears to be much more complex and
  much less gradualistic.
• Raup, D. M. Conflicts between Darwin and
  Paleontology. Field Museum of Natural History
  Bulletin 5022-29

82
Fossil Horses

• Evolutionists claim that the modern single-toed
  horse, Equus, can be traced to the small
  four-toed Hyracotherium, sometimes called
  Eohippus, which is supposed to have lived about
  50M years ago

83
Fossil Horses - Evidence

• The evidence known today
• Eohippus was referred to as Hyracotherium by its
  discoverer because of its resemblance to the
  genus Hyrax, which was not a horse
• The number of lumbar vertebrae changes from six
  to eight and then back to six in the horse
  series.

84
Fossil Horses - Evidence

• The evidence known today
• Fossils of three-toed and one-toed species are
  preserved in the same rock formation in Nebraska,
  showing that they lived at the same time
• Modern horses vary in size from 17 inches high
  (Fallabella in Argentina) to the 7 foot high
  Clydesdale

85
Horses Today

• Some horses today have three toes.
• Many different varieties of horses exist today
  that resemble horse fossils.

86
Fossil Horses - Conclusion

• Horse evolution series was disproved years ago.
  No knowledgeable scientist would support the
  horse evolution as depicted in textbooks today.
• There is no consensus on horse ancestry among
  paleontologists

87

• Ape-Men

88
My Ancestors? Biblical View

• Genesis 126
• Then God said, Let us make man in our image, in
  our likeness . . .
• Genesis 127
• So God created man in his own image, in the image
  of God He created him, male and female He created
  them
• Genesis 27
• The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the
  ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath
  of life, and the man became a living being

89
My Ancestors? Biblical View

• Genesis 222
• Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he
  had taken out of the man . . .
• Psalm 84-5
• What is man that you are mindful of him, the son
  of man that you care for him? You made him a
  little lower than the heavenly beings and crowned
  him with glory and honor

90
My Ancestors? Biblical View

• Mark 106
• Jesus replied . . . But at the beginning of
  creation, God made them male and female
• Matthew 194
• Havent you read, He replied, that at the
  beginning the Creator made them male and female
  . . .

91
My Ancestors? Evolution View
92
My Ancestors? Evolution View

• 1856 Neanderthals
• 1892 - Java Man
• 1912 Piltdown Man
• 1922 - Nebraska Man
• 1930 - Ramapithecus
• Paranthropus
• Kenyanthropus
• 1974 Australopithecines (LUCY)

93
Neanderthals - 1856
Original Drawing of Neanderthal
94
Neanderthals - 1856
The Classic Model for Human Evolution Depends on
Neanderthals giving rise to Modern Humans . . .
95
Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans
Brain shape
Receding forehead
Brow ridge
Large eye sockets
Large front teeth
Chin receding
96
Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans

• Flatter Skull Base
• Higher Larynx
• Thicker Bones
• Barrel Chests
• Shorter Limbs

97
Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans

• Large eye sockets
• Brain Shape
• Large Nose
• Large Sinuses
• Large Front Teeth

98
Human Variation

• Watusi
• Pygmy
• Dwarfism
• Basketball players
• Eskimo (Inuit)

This is an example of genetic variation and NOT
evolution
99
Neanderthal Burial Cites
Marvin Lubenow, Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA
An Evaluation, Creation Ex Nihilo Technical
Journal, 1998 p.89.

• Most anthropologists recognize burial as a very
  human, and a very religious, act. But the
  strongest evidence that Neanderthals were fully
  human and of our species is that at four sites
  Neanderthals and modern humans were buried
  together.

100
Neanderthal Jaw Dropper!
Dr. Jack Cuozzo, "Buried Alive The startling
truth about Neanderthal man" reveals the truth
about the Neanderthals jaw.

• One of the many fraudulent things that people
  have done to the Neanderthal skulls is to
  reconstruct the lower jaw in a forward protruding
  position. This is based on the preconceived
  notion, that Neanderthal was dimwitted, and
  ape-ish. The jaw is purposely manipulated to look
  this way in reconstructions, because that is how
  some ape jaws are aligned. Of the thousands of
  people who have seen Neanderthal skulls in a
  museum, I wonder how many of them knew the jaw
  had been altered?

101
Common Argument Original skeleton was an old
Neanderthal that was bent because he had rickets
or arthritis!
Neanderthals and Disease

• Problem
• More skeletons found later that had no diseases.
  The disease does not account for all the physical
  differences.

102
Neanderthal mtDNA Summary

• DNA studies are touted as separating Neanderthals
  from humans
• BE VERY WARY Any number of issues are being
  raised regarding the experiment design, the
  measurement methods, and the subsequent logic
  used to draw the conclusions.
• Go to Answers in Genesis for a full story.

103
JAVA MAN 1892, Pithecanthropus

• Eugene Dubois
• 1892, on the island of Java
• A skullcap and three teeth
• Year later and 50 feet away a modern human
  thigh-bone JAVA MAN is born.

HOMO ERECTUS - Walking Upright. Dubois stated
skullcap similar to gibbon. 65 miles away, at
same level as Java Man discovery 2 fully human
skulls! Three teeth? Confirmed to be orangutan
teeth. Although no face bones had been found,
suitably half-ape, half-man features were
reconstructed in artists drawings!
104
Piltdown Man - 1912
Segment of lower ape-like jaw
Segment of human skull
105
Piltdown Man - 1912

• Fragments supposedly found in a gravel pit in
  England despite
• Teeth were filed
• Jaw filed to look like ape jaw
• Skull doused in iron salts to create aged look.
• Hoax lasted 40 years

106
Nebraska Man - 1922
(Double page spread in Illustrated London News,
June 24, 1922) Artists conception of Nebraska
Man (Hesperopithecus haroldcookii). It was based
on a single tooth that later turned out to belong
to an extinct pig.
107
Ramapithecus 1930
108
Ramapithecus
Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)
Ramapithicus is ideally structured to be an
ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, we don't have
anything else that is.
109
Ramapithecus
The claim 14 million year old intermediate
between ape-like creatures and humans
The truth

• In 1970 a baboon living in Ethiopia was
  discovered.
• Same dental structure
• Similar morphological features found on
  Ramapithecus
• Ramapithecus dropped from human line

110
Australopithecines - 1974
Dr. Johanson discovered Lucy in 1974

• Claimed to be 3.5 million years old
• Claimed bipedal (walked upright)

111
What Was Found?

• Picture of Lucy from Biology Understanding Life
  Third Edition, 2000

112
Lucy and the Australopithecines

• No similarity in appearance to humans
• Long arms are identical to chimpanzees
• Jaws are similar to chimpanzees
• Upper leg bone is similar to chimpanzees
• Lucys legs were very ape-like
• Brain size (400-500 cc) overlaps chimpanzees
• Large back muscles for tree dwelling
• Hands similar to pygmy chimpanzee

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Lucy and the Australopithecines

• Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is
  probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in
  the world
• Lucys skull is so incomplete that most of it is
  imagination made of plaster of paris.
• Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion
  could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged
  to.

114
Lucy and the Australopithecines

• Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is
  probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in
  the world
• Lucys skull is so incomplete that most of it is
  imagination made of plaster of paris.
• Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion
  could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged
  to.

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Laetoli Footprints
Footprints discovered in 1978 in Laetoli,
Tanzania. The footprints were dated at 3.5
million years old.
Who made these footprints?
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Ape and Human Footprints
Laetoli footprint
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Competing Explanations

• Evolutionary Models
• Classic Model
• Multi-Regional Model
• Out of Africa Model

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3 models 3 proponents each trashing the others
models! Their suspect DNA experiments are
causing havoc with their own models!
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Testing Evolutionary Models
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Testing Evolutionary Models
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Creationist Explanation

• Recent Hominids Modern Humans (Post-Babel)
• Neanderthals
• Homo Erectus (and more recent)
• More Ancient Hominids Non Human
• Paranthropus
• Kenyanthropus
• Australopithecines
• Dates are Incorrect or Falsified
• Modern dating methods are inaccurate (10 kya
  Max)
• Where do races come from? WEEK 10

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• Questions?