Title: Slides marked with JB are from Jason Brownings Basics of Creation presentation. His web site: http:m
1Credits
- Slides marked with JB are from Jason Brownings
Basics of Creation presentation. His web site
http//mall.turnpike.net/C/cs - Slides marked with a MR are from Mike Riddle, The
Fossil Record presentation. Institute for
Creation Research, www.icr.org,
Mike_at_Train2Equip.com - Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells
http//www.iconsofevolution.com Some slides
modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklamas Icons of
Evolution presentation, heinz_at_osta.com,
www.osta.com. In particular, the Fossil horses
and a small portion of Darwins Finches. - Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton
- You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.
2Credits
- Also, many slides in this presentation are
modifications of slides provided by - Reason To Believe Origin of Humanity, Cavemen,
Hominids,and the Fossil Record, A Survey of
Modern Christian Perspectives - Mike Riddle, Fossil Record presentation.
Institute for Creation Research, www.icr.org,
Mike_at_Train2Equip.com - Origins Research Association http//www.originsres
ource.org/sunsch.htm
3Know The Truth
Philosophy
Geology
Biology
- Exploring the claims of evolution against the
astonishing revelations of empirical science - - Gods creation revealed!
Physics
Paleontology
Creation
Astronomy
Psychology
Anthropology
410 ICONS OF EVOLUTION
- Miller-Urey Experiment
- Darwin's Tree of Life
- Homology
- Haekel's Embryos
- Archaeopteryx
510 ICONS OF EVOLUTION
- Peppered Moths
- Darwin's Finches
- Four-winged Fruit Flies
- Fossil horses
- Ape to Man
6 7Origin of life
- There are only two possibilities as to how life
arose. One is spontaneous generation arising to
evolution the other is a supernatural creative
act of God. There is no third possibility.
Spontaneous generation, that life arose from
non-living matter was scientifically disproved
120 years ago by Louis Pasteur and others. That
leaves us with the only possible conclusion that
life arose as a supernatural creative act of God.
I will not accept that philosophically because I
do not want to believe in God. Therefore, I
choose to believe in that which I know is
scientifically impossible spontaneous generation
arising to evolution?.- Dr. George Wald,
Professor Emeritus of Biology at Harvard
University, Nobel Prize winner in Physiology -
81953 Miller-Urey Experiment
- Experiment simulated hydrogen-rich atmosphere of
- Methane,
- Ammonia
- Hydrogen
- Minimal Water Vapor.
9Miller-Urey Experiment
- A laboratory flask containing a simulation of a
hydrogen-rich, oxygen-poor atmosphere, in which
electric sparks produce the chemical
building-blocks of living cells
10Miller-Urey Experiment
- Miller hypothesized that there was no
oxygen in the primeval earth. - Tests run with no oxygen!
111970 Geo-Chemist Results
- Empirical results of experiments that the Earths
primitive atmosphere consisted of - Water vapor (primary)
- Carbon dioxide
- Nitrogen
- Hydrogen
- Ultraviolet rays turn water vapor into oxygen and
hydrogen!
12Textbook on Miller Urey
- 2000 Biology, Ken Miller and Joseph Levine
- By re-creating the early atmosphere (ammonia,
water, hydrogen, and methane)Miller and Urey
proved that organic matter such as amino acids
could have formed spontaneously.
13Science Magaziine on Miller Urey
- 1995, Jon Cohen
- the early atmosphere looked nothing like the
Miller-Urey simulation.
So why teach it the way they do in textbooks?
14Miller-Urey Experiment
- The likelihood of life having occurred
through a chemical accident is, for all intents
and purposes, zero. - Robert Gange, Ph.D., Origins and Destiny,
1986, p. 77. - Millers beguiling picture of a pond full
of dissolved amino acids under a reducing
atmosphere has been discredited - Freeman Dyson, Origins of Life, 1999, pp. 25-26.
- (Dyson is a Professor at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of
NAS.)
15MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT
16OXYGEN PROBLEM
- Oxygen Exists
- Oxygen destroys amino acids (through oxidation)
think RUST! - Oxygen Doesnt Exist
- If there was no oxygen, then UVO light would
destroy amino acids!
17Rational Thought
- Oxygen based life is irreducibly complex Origin
of life must be designed as an oxygen-based
process whereby a biological unit processes
oxygen, provides regenerative properties and is
protected from UVO light by a layer of oxygen.
18 19CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
Actual Data
T I M E
Tree of life
Sudden appearance of complex creatures Created
after their kind
Darwinian Model
Morphology
20- Darwins Tree of Life
- vs.
- Typology
21Darwins Tree of Life
- Darwins Tree of Life symbolizes Darwins special
evolution theory that all life forms sprang from
a common ancestor through one advantageous change
and after another. - For example, a single cell became a multiple
cell creature which, in turn, acquired changes to
become a jellyfish, which, it turn acquired
changes to become a fish (with a backbone!)...you
get the picture..No? Here...let me show you. ?
22Darwins Tree of Life
Common Ancestor
23Typology
- All species can be classed according to a set of
features they share. Species share an underlying
theme or design that does not change and provides
the basic foundation of their being. - For example, mammals, reptiles, and birds all
have different designs upon which we classify
them.
24Typology
Common Ancestor
Each class is separate and distinct from the
other.
25What does the evidence say?
- FOSSIL RECORD
- What does it say?
- There is no fossil evidence connecting Cambrian
animals to organisms preceding them. There is no
long history of gradual divergence predicted by
Darwin.
26Fossil Record ?Typology!
Each class is separate and distinct from the
other.
27What does the evidence say?
- BIOCHEMISTRY
- Biochemistry looks at life at the molecular level
- To find evidence, examine DNA to determine the
change between creatures. - EVOLUTION If evolution is true, we should be
able to look at animals, A-D, and see a pattern
of A -gt B -gt C -gt D at the molecular level gene
patterns. - TYPOLOGY If typology is true, we should see no
correlation between gene patterns of animals A-D,
but rather a distinct separation of classes. - What do we see?
28Biochemistry - Protein Experiment
- Proteins are made up of amino acids arranged in a
specific order. - Experiment
- Extract the protein from all blood bearing
creatures. - Compare the orders of the amino acids.
- Determine whether the order aligns with
evolutionary or typological classification.
29Protein Cytochrome C
- Protein, Cytochrome C, is made up of 100 amino
acids arranged in a specific order. - Its function is to provide energy at the cellular
level. - It occurs in animals from bacteria to mammals, so
it is an excellent candidate for the experiment.
- 1089 samples were used.
30Experiment Results
horse pigeon tuna silkmoth wheat yeast
64
64
65
bacteria
65
66
69
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
bacteria differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 65!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
equally, totally separate and distinct!
31Experiment Results
horse pigeon turtle carp lamprey
27
25
26
silkmoth
25
30
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
silmoth differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 26!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
equally, totally separate and distinct!
32Experiment Results
horse (mammal) rabbit (mammal) chicken
(bird) turtle (reptile) bullfrog (amphibian)
13
13
14
carp
13
13
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
silmoth differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 13!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but,
equally, totally separate and distinct!
33Experiment Results
horse pigeon tuna silkmoth wheat yeast
64
64
65
bacteria
65
66
69
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of
bacteria differed from other classes of organisms
equally, by an average of 65!
Order of change was not A -gt B -gt C -gt D, but
totally separate and distinct!
34Experiment Results
- Equal distance between classes indicates design
not gradual change from single cell to man.
35Biochemistry ?Typology!
The mathematical perfection of isolation between
classes is astonishing!
36 37DARWINS ARGUMENT
- HOMOLOGY LOOKS ALIKE
- The bones in vertebrate limbs, whether bat,
porpoise, horse or human, follow a similar
pattern must be a common ancestor -
38Haekel's Embryos
Early drawings were faked.
39Haekel's Embryos
Humans never have gills as embryos! Embryonic
Stages for different animals are not similar!
40Homology - Textbook
- 1998 Douglas Futuyama, Evolutionary Biology
- The concept of homology is absolutely
fundamental to what we are talking about when we
speak of evolution yet in truth we cannot
explain it all in terms of present day biological
theory -
41Homology - Textbook
As such, if textbooks use the drawings at all,
it is as an historical example and as a way to
illustrate the concept in such a way that
students are able to grasp it immediately. Even
if the drawings are fraudulent, they can still be
used for this purpose, because the concept they
illustrate is by no means fraudulent.
Futuyama, Evolutionist textbook writer, wrote
textbook Biology, 1998
42 43The Amazing Tricerakeet!
44Education and Textbooks
Biology, Miller and Levine, 2002, p. 907.
- To many paleontologists a bird is a dinosaur
with feathers. That definition may sound odd, but
it makes sense.
45Education and Textbooks
Biology Principles and Explorations, Holt,
Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 268.
- Birds evolved from reptiles during the Jurassic
period.
46Archaeopteryx
Biology Concepts and Connections, Campbell,
Mitchell, and Reece, 2000, p. 390.
- Like modern birds, it had flight feathers, but
otherwise it was more like some small bipedal
dinosaurs of its era for instance, like those
dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx had teeth, wing claws,
and a tail with many vertebrae.
47What Textbooks Dont Include
James Perloff, Tornado in a Junkyard, 1999, p. 18.
- As for its reptile characteristics, yes, it
had claws on its wings, but so does the ostrich,
and nobody considers it part reptile. - True, Archaeopteryx had teeth, but so did other
fossil birds, and its teeth differed distinctly
from those of reptiles - As to Archaeopteryxs tail, further inspection
has shown it strongly resembles a swans.
48Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design,
Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study
in the area of design in nature), Hallmarks of
Design,2002, p. 47.
- Birds are so different from other creatures that
there would have been hundreds of thousands of
intermediate forms between birds and land animals
if birds had evolved.
49Reptile to Bird
- Development of feathers
- Reform of respiratory system
- Reform of skeletal system hollow bones
- Reform of digestive system
- Reform of nervous system
- Construction of bills beaks
- Mastery of nest building
- Acquisition of flight
- Development of sound producing organ
50The Feather
51Archaeopteryx
Alan Feduccia (World authority on birds),
Science, Archaeopteryx Early Bird Catches a Can
of Worms, 1993
- Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx
into an earth-bound, feathered dinosaur. But its
not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no amount
of paleobabble is going to change that.
52Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Alan Feduccia, (professor and former chair of
biology at UNC), The Origin and Evolution of
Birds, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 81.
- This creates a new problem for those who insist
that dinosaurs were ancestors of modern birds.
How can a bird hand, for example, with digits
two, three and four evolve from a dinosaur hand
that has only digits one, two and three? That
would be almost impossible.
53Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Dr. Alan Feduccia, Scientist Says Ostrich Study
Confirms Bird Hands Unlike Those Of Dinosaurs,
EurekAlert, 14-Aug-2002.
- If one views a chicken skeleton and a dinosaur
skeleton through binoculars they appear similar,
but close and detailed examination reveals many
differences. Theropod dinosaurs, for example, had
curved, serrated teeth, but the earliest birds
had straight, unserrated peg-like teeth. They
also had a different method of tooth implantation
and replacement.
54Archaeopteryx
David Menton (Ph.D. Cellular Biology) and Carl
Wieland (M.D.), Bird Evolution Flies Out the
Window, Creation Ex Nihilo, 1994.
- And like other birds, both Archaeopteryx's
maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw)
moved, while in most reptiles, only the mandible
moves. Archaeopteryx's brain had a large
cerebellum and visual cortex the same as that
found in todays flying birds.
55Reptile to Bird
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design,
Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study
in the area of design in nature), Hallmarks of
Design,2002, p. 47.
- It is often speculated that birds evolved from
reptiles. However, there are enormous conceptual
differences between the two classes of creature
56Dinosaur to Bird Evolution
- Is there any real evidence that dinosaurs evolved
into birds?
- National Geographic Society and the feathered
dinosaur Archaeoraptor October 15, 1999
57Bird Fraud
- Red-faced and downhearted, paleontologists are
growing convinced that they have been snookered
by a bit of fossil fakery from China. The
feathered dinosaur specimen that they recently
unveiled to much fanfare apparently combines the
tail of a dinosaur with the body of a bird.
R. Monastersky, All mixed up over birds and
dinosaurs, Science News, January 15, 2000
58More Bird Mistakes
- 1993 Mononkykus the flightless bird (cover of
Time magazine) - Not a bird but a theropod
- 1996 Feathered Fossil Proves Some Dinosaurs
Evolved into Birds (Science) Sinosauropteryx
prima - The feathers turned out to be a array of fibers
- 1998 China Protoarchaeopteryx robusta
59Feathered Deceptions
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, 2002
X
Microraptor
Sinornithosaurus
Caudopteryx
60Evidence, Faith Deception
X
61Credits
- Some slides modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklamas
Icons of Evolution presentation, heinz_at_osta.com,
www.osta.com. In particular, the Fossil horses
and a small portion of Darwins Finches. - HUGE CREDIT to
- Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells
- Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton
- You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.
62 63Peppered Moths
- Most peppered moths were light-colored in the
early part of the 19th century - Moths became predominantly melanic or
dark-colored near heavily polluted cities during
the industrial revolution in Britain
64Natural Selection
- The means by which organisms survive through
advantageous change with respect to each other
descent with modification.
65Kettlewells Experiments
- In the early 1950s Bernard Kettlewell performed
some experiments that suggested that predatory
birds ate light-colored moths when they became
more visible on pollution-darkened tree trunks - It appeared that natural selection played a role
in the survival of the dark-colored variety of
moths - Most biology textbooks illustrate this example of
natural selection with photographs showing two
varieties of peppered moth resting on light- and
dark-colored tree trunks - What the textbooks do NOT tell you is that these
photographs have been staged since peppered moths
in the wild do not rest on tree trunks
66Problems With the Evidence
- The percentage of melanics predicted by the
theory did not materialize in the different areas
of England e.g. in some areas melanism increased
after the introduction of pollution control - Later determined that tree trunks are not the
natural resting places of peppered moths. Moths
normally rest underneath or on the side of narrow
branches - Moths were manually placed in desired positions
for the experiments, i.e. the photographs were
staged - This cast serious doubt on the validity of
Kettlewells experiments
67Peppered Moths - Evidence?
- The evidence Darwin lacked, Kettlewell lacked as
well. - Sermonti and Catastini, Italian biologists,
mid-1980s - the story of industrial melanism must be
shelved as a paradigm of new-Darwinian
evolution. - Sibatani, Japanese biologist
- Darwins missing evidence for natural selection
is still missing!
68 69Darwins Finches
- Darwin studied 13 species of finches in the
Galapagos Islands while on a voyage in 1835. The
finches differ mainly in the size and shape of
their beaks - The various species were concluded to be the
result of natural selection since the beaks of
the finches are adapted to the different foods
they eat
70Finch Facts
- The natural selection observed in the 1970s
reversed direction soon after, resulting in no
net evolutionary change - Several finch species appear to be merging
through hybridization
71 72FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY
- Four-winged fruit flies do not occur
spontaneously! they must be bred in the
laboratory from three artificially maintained
mutant strains - The extra wings lack flight muscles
73FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY
- Not evidence of evolution!
- They dont mate!
A FOUR-WINGED FRUIT FLY CANNOT SURVIVE!
74Experimental Conclusions
- They provide no evidence that DNA mutations
supply the raw materials for morphological
(change in body parts) evolution - No useful organism has been produced, and the
organism cannot reproduce - The four-winged fruit fly does not provide the
missing evidence for evolution - Genetic mutations are not the raw materials for
large-scale evolution - A fruit fly is still a fruit fly!
75Comments by Evolutionists
- Major mutations such as bithorax are such
evident freaks that these monsters can be
designated only as hopeless. They are so
utterly unbalanced that they would not have the
slightest chance of escaping elimination through
natural selection. - Harvard Biologist Ernst Mayr, 1963.
76 77Horse Evolution
78Fossil Horses
- Othniel C. Marsh invented this entire series back
in the 1870s. He arranged them in the order he
thought they would have evolved. - They are not found in that order, i.e. a single
line. This is known to be untrue!
79Horse Evolution Theory
- Horse evolution is based on the following
assumptions - Four-toed -gt three-toed -gt two-toed -gt one-toed
(today) - Number of ribs varies between 15 and 19
- Similarities in the horse skulls
- Similarities in leg bones
80Fossil Horses
- The most famous of all equid horse trends,
gradual reduction of the side toes, is flatly
fictitious. - Simpson G. G. 1953. The Major Features of
Evolution. New York and London Columbia
University Press, p 263
81Fossil Horses
- The record of evolution is still surprisingly
jerky and, ironically, we have even fewer
examples of evolutionary transition than we had
in Darwins time. By this I mean that some of
the classic cases of Darwinian change in the
fossil record, such as the evolution of the horse
in North America have had to be discarded or
modified as a result of more detailed
information--what appeared to be a nice simple
progression when relatively few data were
available now appears to be much more complex and
much less gradualistic. - Raup, D. M. Conflicts between Darwin and
Paleontology. Field Museum of Natural History
Bulletin 5022-29
82Fossil Horses
- Evolutionists claim that the modern single-toed
horse, Equus, can be traced to the small
four-toed Hyracotherium, sometimes called
Eohippus, which is supposed to have lived about
50M years ago
83Fossil Horses - Evidence
- The evidence known today
- Eohippus was referred to as Hyracotherium by its
discoverer because of its resemblance to the
genus Hyrax, which was not a horse - The number of lumbar vertebrae changes from six
to eight and then back to six in the horse
series.
84Fossil Horses - Evidence
- The evidence known today
- Fossils of three-toed and one-toed species are
preserved in the same rock formation in Nebraska,
showing that they lived at the same time - Modern horses vary in size from 17 inches high
(Fallabella in Argentina) to the 7 foot high
Clydesdale
85Horses Today
- Some horses today have three toes.
- Many different varieties of horses exist today
that resemble horse fossils.
86Fossil Horses - Conclusion
- Horse evolution series was disproved years ago.
No knowledgeable scientist would support the
horse evolution as depicted in textbooks today. - There is no consensus on horse ancestry among
paleontologists
87 88My Ancestors? Biblical View
- Genesis 126
- Then God said, Let us make man in our image, in
our likeness . . . - Genesis 127
- So God created man in his own image, in the image
of God He created him, male and female He created
them - Genesis 27
- The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the
ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath
of life, and the man became a living being
89My Ancestors? Biblical View
- Genesis 222
- Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he
had taken out of the man . . . - Psalm 84-5
- What is man that you are mindful of him, the son
of man that you care for him? You made him a
little lower than the heavenly beings and crowned
him with glory and honor
90My Ancestors? Biblical View
- Mark 106
- Jesus replied . . . But at the beginning of
creation, God made them male and female - Matthew 194
- Havent you read, He replied, that at the
beginning the Creator made them male and female
. . .
91My Ancestors? Evolution View
92My Ancestors? Evolution View
- 1856 Neanderthals
- 1892 - Java Man
- 1912 Piltdown Man
- 1922 - Nebraska Man
- 1930 - Ramapithecus
- Paranthropus
- Kenyanthropus
- 1974 Australopithecines (LUCY)
93Neanderthals - 1856
Original Drawing of Neanderthal
94Neanderthals - 1856
The Classic Model for Human Evolution Depends on
Neanderthals giving rise to Modern Humans . . .
95Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans
Brain shape
Receding forehead
Brow ridge
Large eye sockets
Large front teeth
Chin receding
96Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans
- Flatter Skull Base
- Higher Larynx
- Thicker Bones
- Barrel Chests
- Shorter Limbs
97Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and
Humans
- Large eye sockets
- Brain Shape
- Large Nose
- Large Sinuses
- Large Front Teeth
98Human Variation
- Watusi
- Pygmy
- Dwarfism
- Basketball players
- Eskimo (Inuit)
This is an example of genetic variation and NOT
evolution
99Neanderthal Burial Cites
Marvin Lubenow, Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA
An Evaluation, Creation Ex Nihilo Technical
Journal, 1998 p.89.
- Most anthropologists recognize burial as a very
human, and a very religious, act. But the
strongest evidence that Neanderthals were fully
human and of our species is that at four sites
Neanderthals and modern humans were buried
together.
100Neanderthal Jaw Dropper!
Dr. Jack Cuozzo, "Buried Alive The startling
truth about Neanderthal man" reveals the truth
about the Neanderthals jaw.
- One of the many fraudulent things that people
have done to the Neanderthal skulls is to
reconstruct the lower jaw in a forward protruding
position. This is based on the preconceived
notion, that Neanderthal was dimwitted, and
ape-ish. The jaw is purposely manipulated to look
this way in reconstructions, because that is how
some ape jaws are aligned. Of the thousands of
people who have seen Neanderthal skulls in a
museum, I wonder how many of them knew the jaw
had been altered?
101Common Argument Original skeleton was an old
Neanderthal that was bent because he had rickets
or arthritis!
Neanderthals and Disease
- Problem
- More skeletons found later that had no diseases.
The disease does not account for all the physical
differences.
102Neanderthal mtDNA Summary
- DNA studies are touted as separating Neanderthals
from humans - BE VERY WARY Any number of issues are being
raised regarding the experiment design, the
measurement methods, and the subsequent logic
used to draw the conclusions. - Go to Answers in Genesis for a full story.
103JAVA MAN 1892, Pithecanthropus
- Eugene Dubois
- 1892, on the island of Java
- A skullcap and three teeth
- Year later and 50 feet away a modern human
thigh-bone JAVA MAN is born.
HOMO ERECTUS - Walking Upright. Dubois stated
skullcap similar to gibbon. 65 miles away, at
same level as Java Man discovery 2 fully human
skulls! Three teeth? Confirmed to be orangutan
teeth. Although no face bones had been found,
suitably half-ape, half-man features were
reconstructed in artists drawings!
104Piltdown Man - 1912
Segment of lower ape-like jaw
Segment of human skull
105Piltdown Man - 1912
- Fragments supposedly found in a gravel pit in
England despite - Teeth were filed
- Jaw filed to look like ape jaw
- Skull doused in iron salts to create aged look.
- Hoax lasted 40 years
106Nebraska Man - 1922
(Double page spread in Illustrated London News,
June 24, 1922) Artists conception of Nebraska
Man (Hesperopithecus haroldcookii). It was based
on a single tooth that later turned out to belong
to an extinct pig.
107Ramapithecus 1930
108Ramapithecus
Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)
Ramapithicus is ideally structured to be an
ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, we don't have
anything else that is.
109Ramapithecus
The claim 14 million year old intermediate
between ape-like creatures and humans
The truth
- In 1970 a baboon living in Ethiopia was
discovered. - Same dental structure
- Similar morphological features found on
Ramapithecus - Ramapithecus dropped from human line
110Australopithecines - 1974
Dr. Johanson discovered Lucy in 1974
- Claimed to be 3.5 million years old
- Claimed bipedal (walked upright)
111What Was Found?
- Picture of Lucy from Biology Understanding Life
Third Edition, 2000
112Lucy and the Australopithecines
- No similarity in appearance to humans
- Long arms are identical to chimpanzees
- Jaws are similar to chimpanzees
- Upper leg bone is similar to chimpanzees
- Lucys legs were very ape-like
- Brain size (400-500 cc) overlaps chimpanzees
- Large back muscles for tree dwelling
- Hands similar to pygmy chimpanzee
113Lucy and the Australopithecines
- Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is
probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in
the world - Lucys skull is so incomplete that most of it is
imagination made of plaster of paris. - Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion
could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged
to.
114Lucy and the Australopithecines
- Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is
probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in
the world - Lucys skull is so incomplete that most of it is
imagination made of plaster of paris. - Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion
could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged
to.
115Laetoli Footprints
Footprints discovered in 1978 in Laetoli,
Tanzania. The footprints were dated at 3.5
million years old.
Who made these footprints?
116Ape and Human Footprints
Laetoli footprint
117Competing Explanations
- Evolutionary Models
- Classic Model
- Multi-Regional Model
- Out of Africa Model
118(No Transcript)
119(No Transcript)
120(No Transcript)
1213 models 3 proponents each trashing the others
models! Their suspect DNA experiments are
causing havoc with their own models!
122Testing Evolutionary Models
123Testing Evolutionary Models
124Creationist Explanation
- Recent Hominids Modern Humans (Post-Babel)
- Neanderthals
- Homo Erectus (and more recent)
- More Ancient Hominids Non Human
- Paranthropus
- Kenyanthropus
- Australopithecines
- Dates are Incorrect or Falsified
- Modern dating methods are inaccurate (10 kya
Max) - Where do races come from? WEEK 10
125