AttentionDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Trouble du dficit de lattentionhyperactivit TDAH

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Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Trouble du déficit de lattention/hyperactivité(
TDAH)

• Claude Jolicoeur. m.d.

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DSM-IV Criteria for ADHD

• Symptoms of ADHD  Topic Contents
• The year 2000 Diagnostic Statistical Manual for
  Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) provides criteria
  for diagnosing ADHD. The criteria are presented
  here in modified form to make them more
  accessible to the general public. They are listed
  here for information purposes and should be used
  only by trained health care providers

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Inattention

• I. Either A or B
• A. Six or more of the following symptoms of
  inattention have been present for at least 6
  months to a point that is disruptive and
  inappropriate for developmental level
• 1. Often does not give close attention to details
  or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work,
  or other activities.
• 2. Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks
  or play activities
• 3. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to
  directly.
• 4. Often does not follow instructions and fails
  to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the
  workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or
  failure to understand instructions).

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• 5. Often has trouble organizing activities.
• 6. Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do
  things that take a lot of mental effort for a
  long period of time (such as schoolwork or
  homework).
• 7. Often loses things needed for tasks and
  activities (e.g. toys, school assignments,
  pencils, books, or tools).
• 8. Is often easily distracted.
• 9. Is often forgetful in daily activities.

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Hyperactivity/impulsivity

• B- Six or more of the following symptoms of
  hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for
  at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive
  and inappropriate for developmental level

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• 1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in
  seat.2. Often gets up from seat when remaining
  in seat is expected.3. Often runs about or
  climbs when and where it is not appropriate
  (adolescents or adults may feel very restless).

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• 4. Often has difficulty playing or enjoying
  leisure activities quietly. 5. Is often "on the
  go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor". 6.
  Often talks excessively

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• 7. Often blurts out answers before questions have
  been completed
• 8. Often has difficulty waiting one's turn.
• 9. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g.,
  butts into conversations or games).

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• B. Some hyperactive, impulsive or inattentive
  symptoms that cause impairment were present
  before 7 years of age.
• C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present
  in two or more settings (e.g. at school/work and
  at home).
• D. There must be clear evidence of clinically
  significant impairment in social, school, or
  occupational functioning.
• E The symptoms do not happen exclusively during
  the course of a pervasiven developmental
  disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic
  disorder, and are not better accounted for by
  another mental disorder (e.g. mood disorder,
  anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or a
  personality disorder).

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• Based on these criteria, three types of ADHD are
  identified
• 1. ADHD, Combined Type if both criteria 1A and 1
  B are met for the past 6 months
• 2. ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type if
  criterion 1A is met but criterion 1 B is not met
  for the past six months
• 3. ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive
  Type if Criterion 1 B is met but Criterion 1A is
  not met for the past six months.
• American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
  Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American
  Psychiatric Association, 2000.
• ADHD.._Referençes

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The most common disorder

• - emotional- cognitive- behavioral

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With a high rate comorbidity

• - oppositional defiance 40-70
• - anxiety 10-40 - conduct disorder 20-56-
  bipolar disorders0-27 - conduct disrder
  20-56- delinquent/Antisocial Activities
  18-30- academic Problems 90Barkley

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Social cost

• Academic underacheivement
• Conduct problems
• Underemployment
• Vehicle accidents
• Bad personnal relations

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Prevalence

• More than- schizophrenia- obsessive-compulsive
  D- panic disorder
• At 4 to 12 Shool-age (USA)

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Sex ratio

• More boys than girl - ratio 31
• Adults- ratio 11

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Clinical Presentation (6-12 years)

• Easily distracted
• Homework poorly organized
• Blurts out answers before question
• Often interrupts
• Fails to wait
• Often out of seat
• Perceived  immature 
• Based Greenhill

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Clinical Presentation (13-18 years)

• Inner reslessness more than agitation
• Shoolwork disorganized
• Engages in risky behaviors
• Poor self-esteem
• Poor peers relations
• Confront with authority
• Based Greenhill, Conners and Jett

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Neurobiology

• Maybe, the dysfunction
• - is intrinsic to the
• frontal lobe
• - is influenced by brains areas with subcortical
  projections.
• fMRI, PET studies
• - circuits controling attention less active and
  smaller

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Main Neurotransmittors in ADHD

• Dopamine
• Epinephrine
• To regulate the inhibitory influences in the
• frontal-cortical processing of information

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Dopamine

• May - enhances signals - improves
• . attention, . focus vigilance, .
  acquisition, . on-task behavior and cognition

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Norepinephrine

• May- dampen  noise - decrease distractibility
  and shifting
• - improve executive operations- increase
  behevioral, cognitive, motoricinhibition

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Cognitive functions

• Planning
• Anticipating
• Organizing
• Working memory- maintaining attention -
  focusing on task

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Psychostimulants

• Acting primarily by blocking the reuptake of
  dopamine
• Méthylphénidate
• . old - ritalin 5, 10, 20 mg (3-4 hours),
  ritalin 20 mg Sr, 6-7 hours
• . new - concerta (long acting 10-12 hours)18,
  27, 36, 54 mg.
• Amphetamine
• . old - dexedrine, short long acting
• . new - adderall xr (long acting 10 hours), 5,
  10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg.

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Nonstimulant

• Atomoxetine (strattera), primarily blocking
  epinephrine reuptake
• Buproprion (wellbutrin)
• Tricycliques (norpramine-desipramine)
• SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline)
• Venlafaxine (Effexor)
• Antipsychotics (risperdone-Risperdal)
• Antihypertensives (guanafacine, clonidine)