The Economics of Slavery

1
The Economics of Slavery
2
Slave and plantation

• The prices of slaves went up
• In trade, the families would be separated
• The ownership of slaves became more concentrated
• an effective plantation was usually about 2,000
  acres, they received an annual profit of 10 and
  more

3

• Some of the black people had some skills and they
  were also very intelligent, but the southerners
  didnt took that in concinderation to them
• And also some of the white as black southerners
  couldnt even read or write
• And all this talent was wasted in something not
  even worth it

4
Isaac Franklin and John Armfield

• Were one of the main people in the trading of
  the slavery in the south
• They collected slaves from Virginia and Maryland
  from their modern jail
• This Jail was called the Alexandria
• General Andrew Young was their office were they
  did all their paper work

5
Alexandria
http//www.innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html
6
Slave Prices Rise

• They also sell women, men and kids.
• 50.00
• Man 1,000-1,800 and a woman from 500 to
  1,500.00
• This was when the war broke out

7

• It cost about 32 to feed clothe and house a
  slave
• The South failed to develop a locally owned
  marketing and transportation facilities
• New York Capitalists gradually controlled much of
  the Souths cotton and found its way to be sold
  to manufacturers.

8
Antebellum Plantation Life

• No typical plantation
• Medium size plantations operated like a small
  village or self-sufficient colonial farm
• Focus on cash crops especially cotton
• Masters house, barns, stables, mill, forge,
  slave quarters
• Slaverypeculiar institution

9
Antebellum Plantation Life

• Husbands and wives not in separate spheres as
  much as in the North
• Fine imports purchased but much was done with
  household manufacturing most food produced on
  the plantation
• Masters word was law
• Women maintained role as southern lady

10
Antebellum Plantation Life

• Majority of slaves were field hands who worked
  from dawn to dusk a few were household servants.
  Work started at age 6 or 7.
• Free and slave children were cared for by elderly
  female slaves with the help of a girl
• Simple, crude living conditions for slaves.

11
The Sociology of Slavery

• By Joanna DaLuze
• Erin Remillard

12
Slavery

• Most owners provided adequate clothing, housing,
  and food for their slaves because they each slave
  was very valuable property.
• Infant mortality among slaves was twice the white
  rate and life expectancy at least five years
  less.
• Slave population grew by natural increase.

13
Slavery

• There was 1/2 million slaves imported and because
  of their natural increase, by 1860 there were 4
  million blacks in the U.S.
• Owners felt responsibilities toward their slaves
  and slaves were dependant upon their owners.

14
Slaves Rights

• A slave had no rights.
• They developed a way of life by attempting to
  resist oppression and injustice while
  accommodating themselves to the system.
• The marriage of two slaves had no legal status.

15
Religion

• Slave religion was a combination of Christianity
  with a little bit of their African origins.
• Religious meetings, both secret and open,
  provided slaves with the opportunity to organize
  which sometimes led to rebellions.
• Religion taught slaves that while their bodies
  can be enslaved that their spirits could not be.

16
Slave Behavior

• Many white observers of slavery said that slaves
  were lazy.
• Slaves did not like to work when they got nothing
  in return for their labor.
• Slaves were often happy which led owners to
  believe that they accepted the system and
  preferred slavery to the uncertainty of freedom.

17
Rebellion

• As slaves rose in price and there was more
  opposition from the North, masters took any
  rebellious act very seriously.
• Nat Turners revolt in Virginia in 1831 was the
  most famous. 57 whites died before it was
  suppressed.
• Runaway slaves were treated brutally.

18
Nat Turners Rebellion
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19
Slavery

• Slavery did not flourish in cities and cities did
  not grow in areas with slavery.
• Southern whites did not like that there were free
  blacks living among them.
• Many southern states tried to pass laws to make
  free blckas emigrate, but these laws were not
  well enforced.

20
Psychological Effects of Slavery
21

• Slavery had a corrosive effect on free and
  enslaved southerners.
• Slaves were taught that they were worthless, and
  often believed that this was true.
• White owners became attached to the slaves and
  then beat them for not behaving.
• The female slaves were often raped by their
  masters.
• Free Slaves often bought and beat their own
  slaves because they were taught it was right.

22
Slave Names

• Slavery warped the whites, they made names to
  describe their slaves personalities
• Sambos - (m) means lazy subservient
• Bucks - (m) superpotent aggressive
• Mammys - (f) faithful and nurturing
• Jezebles - (f) wanton and seductive

23
Slave Revolts
http//www.swagga.com/revolts.htm
24
Slave Revolts

• Slaves often revolted against the plantation
  owners.
• They were quickly stopped every time but rarely
  shot at because of their immense value.
• I consider the labor of a breeding woman as no
  object, and that a child raised every 2 years is
  of more profit than the crop of the best laboring
  man -- Thomas Jefferson

25
Manufacturing in the South
26
Manufacturing in the South

• Even though the temper of the south discouraged
  business and commercial activities, manufacturing
  developed
• In Kentucky, there were rope making plants, in
  Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee iron and coal
  was mined
• Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond in the 1950s did
  an annual business of about 1 million dollars

27
Tredegar Iron Works
http//web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/tredegar/tredi
ron.htm
28
Manufacturing in the South

• Less then 15 of all the goods manufactured in
  the U.S. in 1860 came from the South
• the South depended on the North for machinery,
  skilled workers, technicians, financing, and for
  insurance

29
Manufacturing in the South

• Raw materials were available and water power
  along the Appalachian slopes was abundant, making
  it possible to manufacture textiles profitably
• In Graniteville, South Carolina William Gregg
  established a factory in 1846
• His factory employed about 300 people by 1850

30
William Gregg

• Gregg believed the textile business could help
  improve the lot of Souths poor whites
• He wanted to weaken the southern prejudice
  against manufacturing
• He made his plant a model similar to the mills
  of Lowell

31
Northern Industrial Juggernaut
32
Industry

• Period of rapid growth in industry in the North
  before the Civil War, which started after the War
  of 1812.
• The country as a whole, manufactured 200 million
  in goods in 1859.
• In Pennsylvania, anthracite coal was produced,
  which was transported through canals, for use in
  steam power and metal working.

33
Roger Burlingame

• Roger Burlingame compiled a list of industrial
  advances created from 1825-1850
• This list included rubber production, the sewing
  machine, lead pencil creation
• He encouraged people to try new methods of
  production

34
U.S. at the top of Industry

• New production process used to make clocks,
  rifles, and locks.
• The British were amazed by the metalwork, sent
  observers to the Springfield arsenal, saw
  production of guns, and hired Americans to
  produce guns for them.

35
Science (1840-1865)

• Scientists fought to produce a National
  institution for the promotion of science
• In 1863, a bill passed, and the National Academy
  of Science was debated in the senate.

36
Immigration and its Effects

• Due to industrial growth, there was a great need
  for laborers
• In the West there were skilled artisans, but
  there was a need for unskilled workers because
  industry was more important than the independent
  artisan
• Immigration increased in 30s and 40s
• Many willing to be trained for jobs

37
Foreign influences

• Immigrants helped the U.S. economy
• Therefore investors from Europe gave money to
  various U.S. companies which was used in
  transportation, and helped to abolish tariffs.

38
Example of Immigration Growth
http//www.ops.org/north/curriculum/socstudies/Eth
nicB2/past/Irish.htm
39
How the Wage Earners Lived

• By Sean Cummings

40
How the Wage Earners Lived

• The indoor life was not good at all for the poor.
• Low standard of living for industrial workers.
• New York poor people lived in dark, rank cellars,
  and some high tides.
• Many tenement houses with little windows, not
  many had heat or running water.

41
How the Wage Earners Lived

• Outdoor life was terrible too for poor.
• Streets were littered with trash.
• Few recreational facilities.
• Ineffective police and fire departments.
• Children would literally beg to exist.
• Families maintained small vegetable gardens and
  few chickens.

42
Ellis Island

• This is Ellis Island immigration processing
  center.
• Immigrants were checked for diseases, and some
  sent back due to bad health or other reasons.
• http//cmp1.ucr.edu/exhibitions/Ellis_Christmas/X8
  8064_4.jpg

43
How the Wage Earners Lived

• Few workers belonged to unions.
• Skilled workers improved their lot during this
  time.
• The working day decreased to about 10 hours.
• There were many union movements in which work
  strikes occurred.

44
Progress and Poverty

• Kelly Cronin

45
Progress and Poverty

• The industrial revolution was making the US the
  most prosperous nation in the world, but it was
  also creating a major poverty problem.
• Within this rich nation there existed a class of
  miserably derpaid unskilled workers, mostly
  immigrants, whom in some cases were worse off
  than slaves

46
Progress and Poverty

• Marxian terminology, proletarian class and an
  aristocracy of capitalists
• The rich seemed to get richer and the poorer
  seemed to get poorer
• Economic opportunities were great and taxation
  was minimal

47
Canals and Railroads

• Lyndsay Gardner
• Jacquelyn London

48
Canals

• From the time of the first settlers the Great
  River was used to bring goods from farms to
  markets.
• In 1825 the Erie canal was constructed.
• By 1830 there were 1,277 miles of canal in the
  U.S.
• By 1840 there 3, 326 miles.

49
Canals cont.

• 1845 most of the Erie Canals traffic went
  through New York.
• By 1851 most of its traffic came from west of
  Buffalo.
• The western commerce in 1851 was twenty times
  greater than in 1836.

50
http//www.syracuse.com/features/eriecanal/intro.h
tml
51
Railroads

• The expanding traffic in New York caused people
  in other cities to make a new way of
  transportation called the railroad.
• The first railroads were built in England in the
  1820s.
• In 1830 the first American railroad was built.

52
Railroads cont.

• The first railroad was named Baltimore and Ohio
  Railroad.
• It carried 80,000 passengers over a thirteen mile
  stretch of track.
• By 1833 Charleston South Carolina had a line that
  was 136 miles on the Savannah River.

53
Railroads cont.

• In 1835 cars began going on the Boston and
  Worcester Railroad.
• The panic of 1837 made construction slower.
• By 1840 the U.S. had 3,328 miles of track, which
  was equal to the amount of miles of canals and
  doubled the amount of railroad track in Europe.

54
Railroads

• By 1848 there was 6,000 miles of track that all
  were east of the Appalachian Mts.
• Most of it had not been made into railroad
  systems.
• Many had different widths of track to make sure
  other trains didnt go on the wrong track.

55
Railroads

• The Erie had 537 miles of track and linked the
  Hudson river to Dunkirk on Lake Erie.
• In 1853 Erastus Corning made eight short lines
  which connected Albany to Buffalo to form the New
  York Central.
• 1858 Pennsylvania Railroad connected Philadelphia
  to Pittsburgh across the mts.
• By 1860 the U.S. had 30,636 miles of track.

56
http//www.b-orrstationmuseum.org/
57
1860 US RAILROADS
http//cc.owu.edu/rdfusch/railroads_1860.jpg
58
Economy on the Eve of Civil war

• Every aspect of the economy was booming.
• The panic of 1857 soon followed suit.
• Upper Mississippi valley suffered most.
• When things started to get better the sectional
  disputes arose.