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Myers PSYCHOLOGY

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Title: Myers PSYCHOLOGY


1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY
  • Chapter 7
  • States of Consciousness

2
Waking Consciousness
  • Consciousness
  • our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3
Sleep and Dreams
  • Biological Rhythms
  • periodic physiological fluctuations
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • the biological clock
  • regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour
    cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

4
Premenstrual Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported
Negative mood score
2
1
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Actual
5
Sleep and Dreams
  • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
  • recurring sleep stage
  • vivid dreams
  • paradoxical sleep
  • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body
    systems are active
  • Sleep
  • periodic, natural, reversible loss of
    consciousness

6
Sleep and Dreams
  • Measuring sleep activity

7
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
  • Alpha Waves
  • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
  • Delta Waves
  • large, slow waves of deep sleep
  • Hallucinations
  • false sensory experiences

8
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
9
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
10
Sleep Deprivation
  • Effects of Sleep Loss
  • fatigue
  • impaired concentration
  • depressed immune system
  • greater vulnerability to accidents

11
Sleep Deprivation
12
Sleep Disorders
  • Insomnia
  • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
  • Narcolepsy
  • uncontrollable sleep attacks
  • Sleep Apnea
  • temporary cessation of breathing
  • momentary reawakenings

13
Night Terrors and Nightmares
  • Night Terrors
  • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
    usually during Stage 4
  • high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

14
Dreams Freud
  • Dreams
  • sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
    passing through a sleeping persons mind
  • hallucinatory imagery
  • discontinuities
  • incongruities
  • delusional acceptance of the content
  • difficulties remembering

15
Dreams Freud
  • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams
    (1900)
  • wish fulfillment
  • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
  • Manifest Content
  • remembered story line
  • Latent Content
  • underlying meaning

16
Dreams
  • As Information Processing
  • helps facilitate memories
  • REM Rebound
  • REM sleep increases following REM sleep
    deprivation

17
Sleep Across the Lifespan
18
Hypnosis
  • Hypnosis
  • a social interaction in which one person (the
    hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
    certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
    behaviors will spontaneously occur
  • Posthypnotic Amnesia
  • supposed inability to recall what one experienced
    during hypnosis
  • induced by the hypnotists suggestion

19
Hypnosis
  • Unhypnotized persons can also do this

20
Hypnosis
  • Orne Evans (1965)
  • control group instructed to pretend
  • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as
    the hypnotized ones
  • Posthypnotic Suggestion
  • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is
    no longer hypnotized
  • used by some clinicians to control undesired
    symptoms and behaviors

21
Hypnosis
  • Dissociation
  • a split in consciousness
  • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
    simultaneously with others
  • Hidden Observer
  • Hilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects
    awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go
    unreported during hypnosis

22
Explaining Hypnosis
23
Drugs and Consciousness
  • Psychoactive Drug
  • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
    mood
  • Physical Dependence
  • physiological need for a drug
  • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
  • Psychological Dependence
  • a psychological need to use a drug
  • for example, to relieve negative emotions

24
Dependence and Addiction
  • Tolerance
  • diminishing effect with regular use
  • Withdrawal
  • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued
    use

25
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Depressants
  • drugs that reduce neural activity
  • slow body functions
  • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
  • Stimulants
  • drugs that excite neural activity
  • speed up body functions
  • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

26
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Hallucinogens
  • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
    perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
    absence of sensory input
  • LSD

27
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Barbiturates
  • drugs that depress the activity of the central
    nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
    memory and judgement

28
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Opiates
  • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
  • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
    lessening pain and anxiety

29
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Amphetamines
  • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
    speeded-up body functions and associated energy
    and mood changes

30
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
31
Psychoactive Drugs
  • Ecstasy (MDMA)
  • synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
  • both short-term and long-term health risks
  • LSD
  • lysergic acid diethylamide
  • a powerful hallucinogenic drug
  • also known as acid
  • THC
  • the major active ingredient in marijuana
  • triggers a variety of effects, including mild
    hallucinations

32
Psychoactive Drugs
33
Trends in Drug Use
34
Perceived Marijuana Risk
35
Near-Death Experiences
  • Near-Death Experience
  • an altered state of consciousness reported after
    a close brush with death
  • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

36
Near-Death Experiences
  • Dualism
  • the presumption that mind and body are two
    distinct entities that interact
  • Monism
  • the presumption that mind and body are different
    aspects of the same thing
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