Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urban Centers

1
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urban Centers
Dr. Sanjeev Agrawal Central Pollution Control
Board,Delhi
2
What is Solid Waste

• In a nutshell Solid waste can be regarded as
  refuse or waste from any kind of source. But any
  refuse or waste can be economic resource to
  others.
• BMW
• HW
• Mining
• Fly Ash
• Agriculture
• Dairy
• Agriculture residues
• And Municipal Solid Waste-State of concern

3
Present Status of Management

• Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day
• Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20
  to 0.60 kg.
• Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized
  cities ranges from 70 to 90 and in small sized
  towns it is up to 50-60.
• Local authorities spend less 5 of their budget
  on waste disposal and maximum cost is incurred on
  street sweeping and collection and transportation
  of waste.

4
MSW GENERATION - NATIONAL SCENARIO

• MAJOR DEFICIENCIES
• Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary
  collection
• Provision and operation of interim storage
  facilities unsatisfactory
• Irregular garbage lifting
• Transportation system not synchronize with
  storage facilities
• Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced
• Final disposal through dumping and not SLF

5
Status of Solid Waste Management in Class I
Cities and Class II Towns
6
Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
7
Quantity of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation in
Metro Cities
8
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT HANDLING)
RULES, 2000
9
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
10
Regulatory frame work

• Enacted Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and
  Handling) Rules, 2000
• Rules lay emphasis on seeking participation of
  citizens in waste segregation, prohibiting
  littering of garbage, proper storage of waste and
  efficient transportation of waste for its
  processing and final disposal.
• Specifications to be followed for land filling to
  protect environmental pollution and adoption of
  appropriate waste processing technologies has
  been emphasized.
• The Rules are applicable to each town
  irrespective of its population.

11
Management of Solid Waste

• Schedule I- Time Target
• Schedule II- Procedures for collections,
  segregation,
• storage, transport processing disposal of
  SW
• Schedule III- specifications for land fill
  sites.
• Schedule IV- Standards for composting, Leachates
  
• incineration

12
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management
Handling) Rules, 2000

• Applicable to all Municipal Authorities
• Obtain authorization- through Form-I from SPCB
• Comply the provisions as per schedule I
• Annual Report in Form-II to
• - Secretary State Deptt. of Urban Development
  and DM with a copy to SPCB

13
SCHEDULE - I
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
14
Violation of the provisions

• Improvement in landfill site as per Rules
  (Schedule I) is not being done
• Identification of new site as required under
  Schedule I
• Submission of annual report as required under
  Section 4a

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RESPONSIBILTIES OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

• Implementation of Schedule I and other provisions
  of the Rules
• Infrastructure development for collection,
  storage, segregation, transportation and disposal
  of MSW as per Schedule II
• Obtaining authorization for setting up waste
  processing and disposal facilities from SPCBs/
  PCCs
• Furnishing annual report and accident reporting
  to Secretary (UD)/ District Magistrate

16
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPCBs/ PCCs

• Monitoring compliance of standards regarding
  groundwater, ambient air, incineration, leachate
  and compost quality (Schedule II, III and IV)
• Grant of authorization to municipal authorities
  for setting up waste processing/ disposal
  facilities (within 45 days of application)
• Furnishing annual report on status of
  implementation to CPCB

17

• Responsibility
• - Secretary,State Urban Deptt. and DM
  are responsible for implementation
• - SPCB - Monitor the compliance w.r.t.
• -Groundwater quality
• - Leachate
• -Ambient Air
• - Compost
• - Incinerator
• - issue authorization
• -CPCB coordinate review the standards

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE/ UT GOVERNMENTS

• Overall enforcement in metro-cities in the State/
  UT Secretary-in-charge, Dept. of Urban
  Development
• Overall enforcement in other large cities and
  towns District Magistrate/ Deputy Commissioner
  of the concerned districts

19
Gaps and Constraints in Implementation

• Lack of adequate financial resources to implement
  specified provisions of the rule.
• Slow progress in ensuring segregation of waste.
• In adequate infrastructure to meet the
  requirements for collection, storage and
  transportation of waste.
• Local bodies not conversant and exposed with
  intricacies of application of appropriate waste
  processing technologies.
• Comprehensive specification on landfills are
  difficult to meet due to high cost of
  construction and operation including
  non-existence of adequate number of indigenous
  firms to undertake the jobs.

20
CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTATION

• Overburden on local authorities due to
  uncontrolled urbanization that strains the system
• Fragmented management approach where more than
  one department is involved and lack of
  inter-departmental coordination
• Inadequate financial resources of municipal
  authorities to undertake improvement programs as
  required under Schedule II, III and IV
• Lack of trained manpower at all levels
• Lack of technical assistance for selection of
  appropriate technologies

21
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI
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COLLECTION AND STORAGE
Status of maintenance of waste receptacles in MCD
23
COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)
MAIN OBSERVATIONS

• More than 40 of the receptacles in poor physical
  conditions (broken walls, roofs, doors)
• 20 - 25 of the receptacles are hotspots
• Substantial no. of dhalaos in good physical
  conditions converted and used as office space
• Low garbage lifting frequency
• Dhalao design and the machinery used for lifting
  garbage not matching. In most cases, the
  machinery responsible for damaged dhalaos

24
COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)
MAIN OBSERVATIONS

• Dumping of biomedical wastes in dhalaos near
  hospitals (LNJP, GB Pant)
• Lot of open garbage collection sites
• Zones with major problems are
• - Shahdara (North)
• - Sadar-Paharganj
• - Karolbagh
• - West and Najafgarh
• - Shahdara (South)

25
TRANSPORTATION

• One-third of the collection trucks observed on
  road do not cover garbage during transport
• The cover (jute or plastic) used in most of the
  vehicles is often in bad shape
• At any given time, a high 30 of collection
  vehicles are not in working conditions, depleting
  the already lean fleet
• Vehicles are too high for manual lifting and
  filling of garbage from dhalaos

26
WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING)
BHALSWA PLANT

• Started operating from late 1999 Now, almost
  defunct
• Processing less than 20 MT/day against 500 MT/day
  
• Composition of waste received main problem
• Irregular power and water supply
• Good compost quality

27
WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING) (Contd..)
OKHLA PLANT

• Installed in 1981 plant in poor physical
  condition outdated technology
• Processing less than 30 MT/day against capacity
  of 250 MT/day
• Only 5-7 of garbage received is converted into
  compost
• Poor quality of compost no market demand
• Needs complete renovation or replacement

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DISPOSAL

• Quantity dumped during the last 12 months
• Ghazipur - 6,21,695 MT
• Bhalswa - 6,03,376 MT
• Okhla - 3,41,184 MT
• Weighing platforms installed in all the 3
  landfill sites
• Only at the Okhla site, garbage is covered with
  soil
• All the sites exhausted their capacity/life span
• Urgent need to develop and operate new landfill
  sites

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Observation on MSW ManagementCase of MSW in Delhi

• Deterioration trend was observed
• No. of hot spots increasing
• Increase in physically broken receptacles
• Problem of stray animals and rag pickers
• Dustbins and door-to-door collection is not
  effectively used
• Dhalaos are used as office
• Shortage of loaders and trucks, old vehicle,
  covering during transport
• Receptacles are over-flowing, and promoting
  vectors, flies, rodents, pathogens, odour etc.
• All the three compost plant operating under
  capacity.

30
Status of Waste Receptacles in Delhi
31
Hotspots identified in MCD areas
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STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
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COLLECTION AND STORAGE
Status of maintenance of waste receptacles by NDMC
34
COLLECTION AND STORAGE (contd)
MAIN OBSERVATIONS

• About 15 of the receptacles in poor physical
  conditions (broken walls, roofs, doors)
• Horticultural wastes collection and lifting needs
  improvement
• Garbage stations in general, are working
  satisfactorily however, segregated wastes
  observed to be mixed again at the time of
  collection in these stations
• Rag pickers up lifting project in association
  with NGO a positive step worth emulation

35
TRANSPORTATION

• Most of the trucks used for transport of garbage
  is fitted with permanent covers
• Garbage lifting crew provided with brooms and
  lime powder to sweep and disinfect in and around
  the dustbin after lifting - a practice worth
  emulation

36
WASTE PROCESSING (COMPOSTING)

• Estimated generation of wastes 300 MT/day
• Okhla compost plant started operation in 1985
  poor physical condition obsolete technology
• Applied for authorization from DPCC
• Processing less than 70 MT/day against 200 MT/day
  
• Only around 10 of wastes converted into compost
• Good quality compost and regular sale of product
• Needs complete renovation or replacement

37
MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

• Adopt of professional approach for MSW management
• Prepare of MSW Management Master Plan
• Identify measurable indicators for self
  -monitoring implementation of the Plan
• Set short, medium and long-term waste reduction
  targets and programs to implement
• Renovate compost plant for full-conversion of
  garbage generated area into compost
• Develop plans to compost horticultural wastes

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MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd)

• For interim improvements, survey and inventory
  physical conditions of waste receptacles and
  prepare a time-bound improvement plan
• Match the design of waste receptacles and the
  machinery used for garbage lifting
• Avoid/ban use of open-sites for waste storage
• Keep the doors of waste receptacles closed, when
  not in use
• Apply for authorization from SPCBs for operating
  landfill sites/ waste processing plants

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PUBLIC INTEREST LITEGATIONS

• Ms. Almitra H. Patel, Vs Union of India
• Gujarat Epidemics in Surat due to MSW
• Dr. B.L. Wadhera Vs Union of India
• Problem of MSW in Delhi
• Shri. M. C. Mehta Vs Union of India
• Taj Trapezium / Taj Corridor, Agra

40
Orders of Honble Supreme court of India

• Directed CPCB to regularly monitor the management
  of Solid Waste - 01.03.1996
• CPCB filed 11 reports to the Apex Court of India
• Directed CPCB to file reports to Honble High
  Court of Delhi 23.01.1998
• CPCB filed 24 reports till date

41
Recommendations by Apex Court
The recommendations made by the Indian Supreme
Court Committee on Solid Waste Management for
improvement of the situation in India is as
Follows

• All Food and biodegradable waste should be
  composted recyclable waste should be past on to
  the recycling industry and only rejects should
  be land filled in a scientific manner
• Decentralized composting with public and
  NGOs/CBOs participation should be encouraged
  wherever possible
• Caution against using unproven technologies
  should be observed. Local Bodies are advised not
  to adopt expensive technologies of Power
  generation, fuel pelletization, incineration etc.
  until they are proven sound under Indian
  conditions.

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Partnership Model of Community Based Solid Waste
Management
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What should be the role of an NGOs

• The following roles are suggested
• Public awareness
• Model Preparation/Experimental/
• Research
• Bridging between Govt. Society, organizing
  residence as pressure groups
• Acting as a buffer zone between the community and
  the municipal authorities.

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What should be done by NGOs

• The following suggestions are offered in the
  hope that some of them may be of some benefit
• Do keep away from political activity
• Do consider carefully what can be done with
  available resources
• Do try to evolve a system of self help rather
  than depending on the municipal corporation
• Do aim at cooperation rather than confrontation
  with the municipalities
• Do keep in contact with other NGOs in the area to
  avoid to duplication of work
• Do encourage the target groups to focus more on
  their duties and less on their eights
• Dont arouse too many expectations otherwise
  failure to fulfill them all may lead to
  withdrawal are disappointment.

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Future course of action

• Cities having population gt 1 million targeted for
  ensuring compliance with the rules.
• Set up reasonable number of demonstration
  facilities with Government financial support for
  the benefit of other local bodies.
• Re-set the simplified specifications on land
  filling particularly for smaller local bodies
  with due regard to prevention of pollution
• Creating awareness on adoption of appropriate
  technologies for waste processing considering
  quality and composition of waste.
• Encourage private entrepreneurship in setting up
  of waste processing and disposal facilities.

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Involvement of NGOs and Public Sector in managing
MSW

• NGOs can play an important role in segregation
  of waste, its collection and handling over to
  local authorities.They can also help in bringing
  up the awareness and consciousness for good
  sanitation. Through such programmes, NGOs and
  Public sector can help in
• Creating mass awareness, ensuring public
  participation in segregation of recyclable
  material and storage of waste at source
• Ensuring public participation in community based
  primary collection system
• Organizing rag-pickers for collection of
  recyclable materials at the community level
• Providing health education to the rag-pickers and
  suggesting tools for safety
• Providing employment through organizing door to
  door collection of waste and
• Encouraging minimization of waste through in
  house backyard composting, Vermiculture and
  biogas generation etc.

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Key issues in managing Municipal Solid Waste

• Phenomenal growth in urban population is creating
  solid waste disposal problems
• Alternative service delivery is required?
• Community based initiatives
• What is needed to nurture community based
  initiatives
• The need for research
• Is service delivery by NGOs/Public
  sector/CBOs-All good?
• Need for Networking
• Innovations
• e.g.Preventing spillage of garbage, Vermiculture,
  drain cleaning street sweeping etc.

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Thank you