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New Testament 2 Master of Christian Studies

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Title: New Testament 2 Master of Christian Studies


1
New Testament 2Master of Christian Studies
  • Hebrews and James
  • 1 2 Peter and Jude

2
HEBREWS Historical Concerns
  • Author totally anonymous NT book
  • Believed to be by Paul in the Middle Ages
    (400-1600)
  • Not generally believed to be by Paul before 400
    or in modern times
  • Reasons for rejecting Pauline authorship
  • Greek style more polished than Paul
  • Theology differing emphases (Jesus as priest)
  • History writer is post-apostolic (23-4)

3
HEBREWS Historical Concerns
  • Author
  • Not an eyewitness
  • Probably Jewish (we)
  • Scripture expert (many quotations)
  • Well educated (superb writer)
  • Of Pauls circle (knew Timothy, 1323)
  • Barnabas? Luke? Silas? Apollos?
  • Quotation of Origen (c. 240)

4
HEBREWS Historical Concerns
  • Date probably about AD 66
  • Temple probably still standing (present tense in
    84-5)
  • Serious persecution suggests post 64 date
  • Place of origin unknown
  • Destination possibly Rome
  • Serious persecution there
  • Quoted by Clement of Rome around AD 95

5
HEBREWS Historical Concerns
  • Recipients
  • A specific group of Jewish Christians
  • Massive citation of Scripture
  • Emphasis on priesthood, rituals, and sacrifices
  • Background
  • Persecuted believers who had pulled away from the
    larger (integrated) church
  • Afraid to make a complete break with Judaism

6
HEBREWS Historical Concerns
  • Occasion (reconstructed)
  • Author became aware of situation
  • Preached a long sermon Christ Is Better
  • Sermon transcribed into letter format
  • Sent to these people as permanent reminder of his
    teachings

7
HEBREWS Theological Concerns
  • Purpose to wean Jewish believers from depending
    on the Law of Moses and the OT as the final rule
    for life. To accomplish this the author
    emphasized the SUPERIORITY OF JESUS CHRIST
  • Key concept Jesus Christ is BETTER than the old
    way.
  • Key text 11-3 Key term better
  • Themes superiority of Christ new covenant
    warnings

8
HEBREWS Literary Concerns
  • Greek style superior koiné Greek
  • The best Greek in the NT
  • Literary features
  • Many quotations from Scripture, all from the
    Septuagint (LXX)
  • Warning passages interspersed
  • Some argue for typology adapted from Philo of
    Alexandria

9
HEBREWS Outline
  • 1. Christ is better than old revelation (11-3)
  • 2. Christ is better than the angels (14-218)
  • 3. Christ is better than Moses (31-19)
  • 4. Christ is better than Joshua (41-13)
  • 5. Christ is a better priest (414-728)
  • 6. Christ made a better sacrifice (81-1018)
  • 7. Faith is the better way (1019-1325)

10
HEBREWS Special Issue
  • The warnings of Hebrews
  • 21-4 37-19 411-13
  • 511-16 1019-31 1225-29
  • The warnings apply to genuine believers who might
    recant and lose their salvation.
  • The warnings refer to loss of rewards by genuine
    believers who backslide.
  • The warnings are for those considering conversion
    but may turn away.

11
HEBREWS Literary Concerns
  • 4. The warnings are directed to all who profess
    Christianity.
  • The warning is to prove ones genuineness by
    refusing the pressure to apostasize.
  • A FAITH THAT FIZZLES BEFORE THE FINISH WAS
    FAULTY FROM THE FIRST!

12
HEBREWS Significance for Today
  • Gods people are to reflect in their lives that
    Jesus Christ is superior to everything else by
    recognizing that the Law is obsolete as a way
    of life living by faith in Christ refusing
    all pressure to turn away

13
JAMES Historical Concerns
  • Author
  • Calls himself James (Jacob)
  • The only James who fits is James the brother of
    Jesus
  • What is known about him
  • Not converted until after Jesus resurrection
  • Leader of Jerusalem church after Peter left
  • Presided over Jerusalem Council (Acts 15, AD 49)
  • Tradition of martyrdom in AD 62

14
JAMES Historical Concerns
  • Date about AD 45
  • No knowledge of Gentile Christianity
  • Jewish in form and orientation
  • Church structure called synagogue (and led by
    elders)
  • Probably first book of NT to be composed
  • Place of origin Jerusalem
  • Destination unknown

15
JAMES Historical Concerns
  • Recipients
  • A group of Jewish Christians
  • Called scattered and twelve tribes
  • Not Palestinian living elsewhere in Roman
    Empire
  • Poor
  • Background
  • Persecuted believers discouraged by their
    circumstances
  • Need encouragement to keep on keeping on

16
JAMES Historical Concerns
  • Occasion (reconstructed)
  • James became aware of situation
  • As pastor of a large Jewish Christian
    congregation, he wanted to offer practical
    insights
  • Wrote this letter of exhortation to practical
    Christian living

17
JAMES Theological Concerns
  • Purpose to let Christians know the importance of
    a practical, living, everyday faith ( good
    works)
  • Key concept Faith is to be lived out in everyday
    life by good deeds.
  • Key text 226
  • Key term deeds
  • Themes good deeds, trials and temptations, the
    tongue

18
JAMES Literary Concerns
  • Greek style ordinary koiné Greek
  • Literary features
  • Rambling style similar to Book of Proverbs
  • pearls without a string
  • Similar also to Sermon on the Mount
  • Little interest in formal theology

19
JAMES Outline
  • PRACTICAL CHRISTIANITY . . .
  • TESTED BY TRIALS (chap. 1)
  • PROVEN BY GOOD DEEDS (chap. 2)
  • SHOWN BY LIFESTYLE (chaps. 3-4)
  • STRETCHED BY PERSECUTION (chap. 5)

20
JAMES Special Issue
  • The relationship between James and Paul
  • Luthers opinion Epistle of Straw
  • PAUL JAMES
  • faith alone saves saving faith works(Rom. 4-5)
    (James 214-17)
  • Abraham the example Abraham the exampleIsaac
    promised Isaac sacrificed(Rom. 4) (James
    221)
  • Gen. 156 faith saves Gen. 156 faith
    works(Rom. 43) (James 223)
  • Justification before whom?

21
JAMES Significance for Today
  • Gods people are to reflect in their lives that
    the true demonstration of salvation is living a
    practical life of good works, such as bearing up
    under persecution, controlling the tongue, and
    caring for widows and the other poor.

22
1 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Author
  • Simon Peter, apostle of Jesus
  • self claim of the letter
  • believed by early church
  • pseudonymous authorship claimed by critical
    scholars
  • based on elegant Greek and Pauline theology
  • authorship may be accounted for by 512
  • Silvanus ( Silas) as the scribe may have also
    assisted with the literary style

23
1 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Date about AD 64
  • Serious persecution best fits Nero era
  • Written shortly before Peters martyrdom
  • Place of origin Rome
  • Code named Babylon in 513
  • Destination 5 provinces of Asia Minor
  • Northern 2/3 of Turkey
  • Listed in postmans order

24
1 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Destination 5 provinces of Asia Minor
  • Northern 2/3 of Turkey
  • Listed in postmans order
  • Recipients
  • A number of (primarily Gentile) churches
  • Facing serious persecution
  • Perhaps a few were Jews as well

25
1 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Background
  • Little is certain about the background except for
    the persecution
  • Nobody knows how Peter knew these believers
  • Occasion (reconstructed)
  • Peter had somehow become aware of the plight of
    these believers and wrote them a letter with the
    help of Silvanus

26
1 PETER Theological Concerns
  • Purpose to encourage and exhort suffering
    Christians to live in the accordance with the
    HOPE they have received through Christ
  • Key concept Maintain hope in the midst of
    suffering.
  • Key text 413
  • Key term hope ( future certainty)
  • Themes hope holiness humility

27
1 PETER Literary Concerns
  • Greek style superior koiné Greek
  • Among the best Greek in the NT
  • Literary features
  • Unlike Paul, Peter alternates between doctrinal
    and practical sections
  • Has an important section on family relationships
    (Haustafeln)

28
1 PETER Outline
  • D1. Privileges of salvation (11-12)
  • P1. Living in holiness (113-23)
  • D2. Blessings of election (24-10)
  • P2. Living in submission (211-312)
  • D3. Theology of suffering (313-419)
  • P3. Living in humility (51-14)

29
1 PETER Literary Concerns Special Issue 1
  • Christs preaching to the spirits in prison
    (319-20)
  • On earth in the days of Noah, Christ preached the
    basic gospel message (through Noah) to
    unbelievers who died in unbelief (and perished in
    the Flood).
  • In the dwelling place of imprisoned angels
    between his resurrection and ascension, Christ
    preached a message of condemnation to fallen
    angels who especially sinned.

30
1 PETER Literary Concerns Special Issue 2
  • Suffering as a Christian
  • Definition of suffering (314)
  • Hope of suffering (13-5)
  • Purpose of suffering (16-9)
  • False suffering (415)
  • Limit of suffering (419)
  • Privilege of suffering (413-14)

31
1 PETER Relevance
  • Gods people are to live with the absolute
    certainty that Christs return and eternal life
    with him far exceed any suffering they may
    experience during this life.

32
2 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Author
  • Simon Peter, apostle of Jesus
  • Claim of the letter and believed by early church
  • All critical scholars reject Peters authorship
  • Based on drastic differences in content and style
    from 1 Peter
  • Changes may be accounted for by change of
    secretary or loss of secretary
  • Ethical dilemma if a letter warning against
    FALSE teachers written by a FALSE teacher!

33
2 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Date about AD 66
  • A few months after 1 Peter
  • Shortly before Peters death by crucifixion, and
    about the same time as 2 Timothy
  • Place of origin probably Rome
  • Destination unknown, although possibly the same
    as for 1 Peter

34
2 PETER Historical Concerns
  • Recipients
  • Possibly the same as 1 Peter (31)
  • Background
  • Whoever these people were, Peter knew them well,
    for he called them beloved
  • Occasion (reconstructed)
  • Peter had learned about false teachers planning
    to infiltrate especially a denial of the Second
    Coming

35
2 PETER Theological Concerns
  • Purpose to warn Christians of the coming of
    false teachers and to equip them with true
    knowledge
  • Key concept Knowledge of truth is the best
    defense against false teaching
  • Key text 31
  • Key term truth
  • Themes election, false teachers, day of the Lord

36
2 PETER Literary Concerns
  • Greek style
  • Very difficult, non-literary Greek
  • Entirely unlike the Greek of 1 Peter
  • Literary features
  • Material on the day of the Lord is challenging,
    but the main point is 311 What kind of people
    ought you to be?

37
2 PETER Literary Concerns
  • Outline
  • True knowledge (chap. 1)
  • False knowledge (chap. 2)
  • The coming of Christ (chap 3)
  • Special issue Doctrine of Scripture (121)
  • Men spoke from God, carried along by the Holy
    Spirit, not of their own initiative

38
2 PETER Relevance
  • 2 Peter late to be recognized as canonical
  • Brevity
  • Style
  • General nature
  • Doctrine
  • Gods people are to hold firmly to the truths
    taught in Scripture, aware that false teachers
    are always a threat.

39
JUDE Historical Concerns
  • Author
  • Jude (Judah/Judas), brother of James
  • Probably the brother of Jesus
  • Hardly anything known about him
  • Date uncertain
  • Sometime between 65 and 80
  • Place of origin unknown
  • Destination unknown

40
JUDE Historical Concerns
  • Recipients
  • Unknown Christian congregation
  • Background
  • False teachers had slipped into the church
  • Teaching antinomianism
  • Occasion
  • Jude had planned to write on another subject, but
    changed his mind when he learned about the false
    teachers

41
JUDE Theological Concerns
  • Purpose to condemn false teachers and false
    teachings
  • Key concept Christianity must be defended from
    falsehood.
  • Key text verse 3
  • Key term contend

42
JUDE Literary Concerns
  • Greek style
  • Very difficult, non-literary Greek
  • Least grammatical Greek in the NT
  • Literary features
  • Quotations from non-biblical sources
  • Assumption of Moses (v. 9)
  • 1 Enoch (vv. 14-15)

43
JUDE Literary Concerns
  • Special issue Jude and 2 Peter 2
  • There is a literary relationship between Jude and
    2 Peter 2. Somebody copied.
  • Jude preceded 2 Peter (majority view)
  • 2 Peter (apostle) preceded Jude (non apostle)
  • Both copied a lost source (NOT!)

44
JUDE Relevance
  • Gods people are to hold firmly to the truths
    taught in Scripture, aware that false teachers
    are always a threat.
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