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India and China Creativity Continues to Flow

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Title: India and China Creativity Continues to Flow


1
India and ChinaCreativity Continues to Flow
2
India Dravidians 2500-1500 B.C.
  • Dravidians were the native people
  • Settled the Indus River valley
  • Pakistan/Western India
  • Creativity included
  • Pottery (oven dried)
  • Writing system (standardized picture base)
  • Weight and measurements for trade
  • Large cities
  • Polytheistic religion

3
India Dravidians 2500-1500 B.C.
  • Cities were well planned
  • Two large cities Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
  • 50,000 people
  • City grid/size
  • Oven-baked bricks (versus sun-dried of
    Mesopotamia)
  • Sanitation
  • Great baths
  • No defense
  • Isolation protected the Dravidians for a long
    time
  • 1500 B.C. Aryans (nomadic barbarians) conquered
  • Surrender seems possible

4
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Dravidians conquered by the Aryans
  • Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, became the
    dominant language of India
  • Vedas (holy books) were written in Sanskrit
  • Beliefs (religion) of the Aryans forced on the
    Dravidians (with some blending)
  • Eventually became Hindu religion
  • Villages became the principal societal unit
    (instead of large cities)
  • More food was needed (number of mouths
    increased), villages allowed for more planting
  • Aryans were nomadic and cities were likely
    uncomfortable for them

5
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Ruler called raja (compare to rey)
  • Extended rule over India and Pakistan
  • Development of caste system
  • Caste color
  • 4 main castes Brahmans (priests) Aryan
  • Aristocrats and warriors Aryan
  • Peasants and craftsmen Drav.
  • Untouchables, outcasts Drav.
  • Religions created that reinforced the caste system

6
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Hinduism
  • Used the caste system
  • An attempt to break out of the caste was very
    wrong and brought punishment in both the current
    and next life
  • Reincarnation
  • Righteous life brought you to a higher caste in
    the next and wickedness sent you lower in the
    caste system
  • Communion with Nature

Shiva
7
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Hinduism
  • Adopted the Aryan gods
  • The foremost god was Brahman
  • Atman the manifestation of Braham in all men
  • Nirvana union of Atman and Brahman
  • Writings created for worship
  • Poems (Mahabharata)
  • Hymns
  • Vedas

Vishnu on top of Garuda)
8
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Jainism
  • Jainism is closely related to Hinduism
  • VardhamanaMahavira
  • founder of Jainism (540-468 BC)
  • Non-violence and strict vegetarianism
  • Closed many occupations (soldiers, butchers, and
    even farmers)
  • Became shopkeepers, bankers and other service
    providers
  • Still represent a large portion of Indias
    business community today

9
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Jainism
  • History is repeating
  • History divided into 6 repeating periods
  • First three ages are descending simple, country
    life that is largely happy
  • Last three are ascendingcomplex, city life that
    is largely unhappy
  • After 6th stage the cycle repeats backwards
  • Reincarnation
  • 4th stage is height of human development

10
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Buddhism
  • Gautama Siddhartha (563-483 BC)
  • Born in northern India
  • Wealthy warrior caste family
  • Never saw painful things
  • 4 new things made him meditate
  • An old man A sick man
  • A corpse A monk

11
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Buddhism
  • At age 29 left his wife and joined 5 monks
  • Lived in self-denial
  • A woman suggested he wasnt reaching his full
    potential
  • Sat beneath a Bo tree for 49 days and
    contemplated the meaning of life
  • Formulated Buddhism and began preaching
  • Buddhaenlightened one
  • The Middle Way (avoid extremes)
  • Vision of a pond of lotus flowers
  • Realized his obligation to teach others

12
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Buddhism
  • Four Noble Truths
  • Suffering is with us throughout life
  • Suffering and conflict originate from craving for
    pleasure
  • Cessation of suffering (Nirvana) comes from
    rooting out these desires
  • Suffering ceases by observing the Eight Fold Path

13
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Buddhism
  • The Eight Fold Path
  • Right understanding or views
  • Right intention (aim) and thought
  • Right speech
  • Right conduct or action
  • Right means of livelihood
  • Right endeavor or effort
  • Right mindfulness
  • Right meditation or concentration

14
India Aryan/Vedic Society 1500-500 B.C.
  • Buddhism
  • He preached for 40 years
  • Hindu doctrine largely retained
  • He was worshipped as a God
  • Painted his reflection
  • Missionaries carried Buddhism throughout Asia
  • Persecuted by later leaders in India and has
    almost died-out there

15
IndiaCreativity
  • Dravidian urban societymuch creativity but lost
    to us
  • Aryan village societysome creativity
  • Vedas
  • Caste system
  • Religion
  • Later Indian society
  • Buddhism

16
Chinese Civilizations
Map showing early Yellow River Societies (with
later expansion to Yangtze River area)
17
Chinese Civilizations
  • Yellow River
  • High Silt content (40 of its volume)
  • Rich topsoil when it floods
  • Unpredictable flooding
  • Isolated
  • Deserts
  • Distance
  • The Great Wall (eventually)

18
Chinese Civilizations Xia or Hsia Dynasty
(2200-1700 BC)
  • Earliest Dynasty (compare to Egypt)
  • Lasting Contributions
  • Domestication of the horse
  • Development of bronze weapons and tools
  • Expansion of territory
  • People were largely tribal

19
Chinese Civilizations Shang Dynasty (1700-1000
B.C.)
  • Chinese Writing System developed
  • Uses logograms or pictographs
  • Over 50,000 characters, but good literacy
    requires only 5,000.
  • Horse-drawn chariots
  • Bronze weapons improved
  • Improvement occurred later than the
    Mesopotamians did, shows isolation

20
Chinese Civilizations Zhou Dynasty (770-221
B.C.)
  • Mandate of heaven concept introduced, Emperors
    were chosen by divine right
  • Two most important thinkers of Chinese history
    lived during this dynasty
  • Lao Tzu
  • Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu)

Confucius
Lao Tzu
21
Chinese Civilizations Zhou Dynasty (770-221
B.C.)
  • Confucius (551-479 BC)
  • Kung Fu-Tzu, Master Kung
  • Born to a family of bureaucrats (minor nobility)
  • Received a good education
  • Worked for several governments and developed a
    system of good government, which was based on
  • Honesty
  • Dependability
  • Hard work
  • Loyalty

22
Chinese Civilizations Zhou Dynasty (770-221
B.C.)
  • Confucius
  • Had a small group of disciples during lifetime
  • Teachings were recognized later during Han
    dynasty
  • Humans are basically good but some traits need to
    be built and others diminished
  • Society should be adapted to the goodness of
    people
  • Status of a person should be decided upon merit
  • Each person has a role to fill
  • Family is the basic unit of society
  • Confucianism is not a religion but a collection
    of moral teachings
  • A clever tongue and a fine appearance are rarely
    the signs of goodness

23
Chinese Civilizations Zhou Dynasty (770-221
B.C.)
  • Lao-Tzu Taoism
  • Lived about the same time as Confucius
  • Teachings known as Tao Te Ching or The Way
  • Nature is the great teacher
  • By observing nature we can find the correct path
    in life.

24
Taoism
  • "The term wu wei is frequently used in Taoist
    philosophy and means literally "non-action."
    What the Chinese mean by wu wei is not abstaining
    from activity but abstaining from a certain kind
    of activity, activity that is out of harmony with
    the ongoing cosmic process. Perhaps a better
    definition of wu wei is refraining from action
    contrary to nature... This is the meaning of Lao
    Tzu's seemingly puzzling statement "By nonaction
    everything can be done."
  • The Turning Point, Fritjof Capra

25
  • "Lao Tzu in his Tao Te Ching shares an
    invaluable piece of wisdom 'The world is ruled
    by letting things take their course. It cannot
    be ruled by interfering.'" Ray, Michael and
    Rochelle Myers, Creativity in Business, Broadway
    Books, 1986, p. 29.

26
Taoism
  • "When the effective leader is finished with his
    work, the people say it happened naturally."
  • Lao Tzu, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think
    Like Einstein, Barnes Noble Books, Inc., 2000,
    p.172.

27
Taoism
  • Yin
  • Feminine
  • Earth
  • Moon
  • Night
  • Winter
  • Moisture
  • Coolness
  • Interior
  • Intuition
  • Contractive
  • Conservative
  • Responsive
  • Cooperative
  • Synthesizing

Yang Male Heaven Sun Day Summer Dryness Warmth Su
rface Rational Expansive Demanding Aggressive Comp
etitive Analytical
28
  • "Yin corresponds to all that is contractive,
    responsive, and conservative, whereas yang
    implies all that is expansive, aggressive, and
    demanding...In Chinese culture yin and yang have
    never been associated with moral values. What is
    good is not yin or yang but the dynamic balance
    between the two what is bad or harmful is
    imbalance."
  • The Turning Point, Fritjof Capra

29
Chinese Civilizations Zhou Dynasty (770-221
B.C.)
Comparison
  • Taoism
  • Governmentdo more by doing nothing
  • Mans relationship to nature
  • Confucianism
  • Government-do more, but do it better
  • Mans relationship to man

30
Zhou Dynasty (770-221 B.C.)
  • Later Zhou period
  • Kings became weak and so kingdom fragmented
  • Bureaucrats became powerful
  • Society became fixed
  • Many wars between kingdoms
  • Creativity slowed

31
Chinese Civilizations Qin/Chin Dynasty
(221-207 BC)
  • First Sovereign emperor
  • Powerful and feared
  • All territory united for the first time
  • Chin emperor knew value of
  • Communication
  • Unity for his empire
  • Good roads for trade
  • Silk Road went from the capital Xian to the
    Black Sea
  • Principle route for trade between Europe and
    China
  • Was expanded through history
  • Used through Middle Ages

32
Chinese Civilizations Qin/Chin Dynasty
(221-207 BC)
Movie Hero
33
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
  • The Great Wall of China
  • Improved in Chin dynasty to avoid revolt by
    keeping peasants busy
  • Surpassed original expectations of Zhou dynasty
  • 1500 miles
  • Stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Tibetan
    mountains
  • Large enough to march armies along the top

34
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35
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
  • Built terracotta warriors in the capital Xian

36
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
37
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
38
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
Silk Road
39
Chinese Civilizations Qin/ Chin Dynasty
Control
  • Attempted to destroy knowledge books
  • Required all aristocracy to leave their land and
    come to the capital so he could watch them
  • Distributed land to peasants, but heavily taxed

40
  • "Geographic connectedness and only modest
    internal barriers gave China an initial advantage
    by developing civilization over a wide area.
    But China's connectedness eventually became a
    disadvantage, because a decision by one despot
    could and repeatedly did halt innovation. In
    contrast, Europe's geographic balkanization
    resulted in dozens or hundreds of independent,
    competing statelets and centers of innovation.
  • Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 1999,
    414-416.

41
Chinese Civilizations Han Dynasty (207 B.C.
200 A.D.)
  • Golden age of China
  • Strict rules were modified
  • Confucian concepts were established
  • Imperial-style government developed by the Chin
    dynasty was kept
  • Han Dynasty was known for military prowess
  • Creativity
  • Paper was invented
  • Great canals to link rivers for trade and
    transportation were created
  • Art flourished

42
Summary of River Societies
  • Mesopotamia
  • Strong Kings
  • Invasions
  • Creativity was continually sparked
  • Egyptian
  • Initally kings but later weak
  • Isolated
  • Creativity was strong in the beginning and
    sometimes seen later, but the society became
    stagnant when priests gained power
  • Indian
  • Initially progressive, but soon resisted change
  • Creativity in religion flourished
  • Chinese
  • Slow development, but once started the creativity
    was astounding
  • Isolated
  • Like the Egyptians, creativity became stagnant
    when a conservative class gained power
    (bureaucrats)

43
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