English in Public and Business Administration1

1
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2
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English in Publicand BusinessAdministration(1)
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Unit 1. Administration as Science, an Art, or
Craft?

• General Aims
• Behavioral Objectives
• 1.1 Vocabulary
• 1.1.1 Key Words
• 1.1.2 General Words
• 1.2 Reading

Unit 1 to be continued ...
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General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of administration and some of
  the general words in meaningful contexts to
  expand your reading comprehension skills and to
  make you familiar with typical passages of
  administration.
• ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??
  ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????
• ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.

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1.1.1 Key Words

• ??????
  administrative
• Their duties were purely to solve administrative
  problems.
• ???? ???? ????? ????
  classification
• The classification of employees was based on
  their degrees and experiences.
• ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???
  commissioner
• Commissioners of government are in charge of tax
  collection in every civilized society.
• ????? craft
  
• He is a skillful artist and his main craft is
  painting.
• ??? ???? create
  
• The new factory created more jobs.

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• ???? creation
  
• Economic conditions may be responsible for the
  creation of Social unrest.
• ????
  creative
• The employee described his creative job.
• ??????? ???
  demand
• The employees demands for higher pay were
  refused by the employers.
• ???? ???? demanding
  
• He offered a demanding job to his brother.
• ????? ????
  devise
• This company devised a new type of transistor.
• ???? ? ?????
  efficiency
• The executive administrators has a high
  efficiency in organizing activity

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• ??????? ???? employ
• She hasn't been employed for six months, but she
  demands extra salary.
• ??????
  employee
• The manager discharged three employees from
  employment.
• ??????? employment
  
• The expansion of the factory will mean the
  employment of sixty extra workers.
• ????????
  end
• We need someone to handle the marketing end of
  the business.
• ????
  factor
• The only factor that influenced his decision in
  developing new company was profit.

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• ????
  financial
• Tokyo and New York are major financial centers.
• ????
  leader
• The company leaders talked together and came to a
  decision
• ?????
  personality
• Forceful personality is needed for this job.
• ????? ????
  produce
• This factory produces excellent goods.
• ????? product
  
• Low morale among the work force is the product of
  inappropriate management.
• ?????
  production
• That car went out of production five years ago.

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• ???? ????? ? ??????
  promotional
• She has a promotional work.
• ????? ???? shift
  
• He tried to change his working shift from night
  to afternoon.
• ?????? situation
  
• The company is in a poor financial situation.
• ?????
  trait
• One of his less attractive traits is to criticize
  his employee in public.

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1.1.2 General Words

• ??? ??? / ?????? ?? ??? ????
  blur
• His memory is blurred by his illness.
• ???? ????
  deem
• He deemed that it was his duty to help.
• elusive ????
• Nobody understands the elusive word of the
  director.
• ????? ????
  evolve
• He has evolved a new theory after many years of
  research.
• ????? / ????
  imagination
• His directing or managing lacks imagination.
• ?????
  imaginative
• An imaginative production is the desire of every
  farmer.

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• ???? ????
  imagine
• The manager imagined walking into the office and
  telling every one what she thought of them.
• ?????? / ????
  inducement
• They have little inducement to work harder.
• ??? ??????
  intuition
• Nobody told me where to find this job. it was
  sheer intuition.
• ????
  lurk
• He's usually lurking somewhere near the window.
• ???? ????
  precise
• It was found at the precise spot where the
  manager had left.
• ???
  precision
• The experts report on production lacks precision.

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1.2 Reading

• Science is characterized by precision and
  predictability. A scientific rule is one that
  works all the time as a matter of fact, rules in
  science are so rigid and final that they are not
  called rules at all, but laws. Two units of
  hydrogen combined with one unit of oxygen will
  always give us water or steam, or ice, depending
  on the temperature.
• ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? .
  ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????
  ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? . ????? ?? ?????
  ??????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??
  ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????
  ?????.?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ????? ????? ???.

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• While it is true that some sciences, particularly
  the social sciences, do not achieve such a 100
  percent predictability level, it is also true
  that any scientific theory must stand up to
  rigorous, repeated tests to be considered valid.
• Administration uses scientific data, laws, and
  theories. An obvious example is the use of
  mathematics and computers to keep a public
  agencys financial record. But administration in
  itself is not a science.
• ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ????
  ???? ??????? ?? ??? 100 ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???
  ????? ??????? ????.
• ?????? ?????????????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ??????? ?? ??? . ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ?? ????.??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.

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• Although administrators use scientific laws,
  techniques and data, they do so in ways that
  allow free rein to individual imagination and
  temperament. Usually a variety of successful
  solutions exist for dealing with even devise a
  new solution on the spot. Administrative problems
  are rarely identical and it is impossible to
  evolve scientific equation that work the same
  way, for such problems.
• ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ? ??????? ????
  ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??
  ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? . ???????
  ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????
  ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???.??????
  ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??
  ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? .

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• Administrators often work in highly imaginative
  ways, employing a mix of materials, including
  intuition. Like painters and composers,
  administrators often find their own moods and
  personalities reflected in their work.
• But there is a vital difference that keeps
  administration from being characterized as an
  art artists create works of aesthetics
  administrators attempt to solve problems.
  Therefore, the respective end products, and the
  criteria for evaluating them, differ.
• ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?
  ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???
  ?? ????? . ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??????
  ???? ??? ? ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ????????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????
  ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ???
  ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? . ????? ??? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??
  ???? .

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• Obviously, categorizing public administration
  brings with it some fuzziness since the field
  shares traits with both science and art.
  Therefore, we must choose the category that is
  most suitable, or at least most comfortable and
  workable. that category is craft.
• Let us assume a city is divided for the purpose
  of trash collection into two distinct and equal
  districts.
• ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??
  ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. ????? ???
  ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ????
  ???? ?? ?????? ?????? .?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????.
• ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???.

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• One team of sanitation workers under an assistant
  sanitation commissioner is assigned to each
  section with the objective of keeping the streets
  clean. One of the assistant commissioners may
  choose to have his or her people work straight
  eight-hour shifts five days a week. The other may
  choose to bunch the efforts of his or her crew at
  key time in the week and work them for longer
  periods of time on fewer days.
• ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???
  ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????
  ???????? . ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???
  ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
  ???. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????
  ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???
  ???? .

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• One may try to improve the condition of work by
  conducting a promotional campaign designed to
  persuade the residents of his or her section to
  switch from garage cans to plastic bags. The
  other may deem it more fruitful to ask the police
  to crack down on litter under the street litter
  law. One may offer his or her workers extra
  inducements if they do their jobs successfully,
  while the other may hold out to his or her crew
  prospect of more time off for a job well-done.
• ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????
  ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????
  ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??
  ?? ??????? ??? ????? .? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???
  ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? . ???
  ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
  ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ???????
  ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??
  ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? .

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• The way each team works may differ, depending on
  the personalities of the administrative leaders,
  the personalities of the workers, and a variety
  of other factors. However, an objective standard
  exists for comparing the relative efficiency of
  each. Which team produces cleaner streets?
• In the above example, and in most administrative
  situations, an objective standard lurks
  somewhere, a standard that is often shadow
  elusive, and hard to apply.
• ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?
  ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? . ????? ??
  ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????
  ???? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????
  ?? ???? ???? ? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
  ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ??
  ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??
  ??? ???.

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• At the same time, there is never a precise
  formula that invariable works best in all
  situations. Not only do situation vary, but ideas
  for handling them are almost as infinite as the
  human mind. The objective standard, lack of
  precise formula, changing situations, and problem
  solving are all traits that best fall under the
  classification of craft.
• ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????
  ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
  
• ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ????
  ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???
  ??????? ??? . ??? ????????? ? ???? ?? ?????
  ????????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???
  ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????
  ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? .

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Unit 2. Management Process Management Functions

• General Aims
• Behavioral Objectives
• 2.1 Vocabulary
• 2.1.1 Key Words
• 2.1.2 General Words
• 2.2 Reading

Unit 2 to be continued ...
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General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of management process and
  its functions such as planning, organizing,
• leading and controlling, and some of the general
  words in meaningful contexts to expand your
  reading comprehension skills to make you
  familiar with typical passages of management
  process, functions, and enable you translate the
  related reading passages.

Unit 2 to be continued ...
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• ????? ???
• ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?
  ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ????????????
  ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ???(?????)?? ???? ???(???? ?????? ???) ??????
  ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??
  ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??
  ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

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2.1.1 Key Words

• ??????? ????? allocate
  
• We must allocate the money carefully.
• ??????? aptitude
• The new manager showed great aptitude for
  leading.
• ??? ??????
  assembly-line
• Big factories have assembly-line workers in their
  production lines.

??????? ???? ?????? authority
The
government is the highest authority in the
country. ???? commitment
He has a lot of commitments and cannot
accept any more
????? ? Controlling A
manager must take into consideration the process
of controlling.
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• ????? / ???????? corporation
  
• He works for a large Iranian chemical
  corporation.
• ???? department
  
• He organized the department so that there was
  less bureaucracy.

??????/?????? function
The
function of a chairman is to lead and control the
meeting. ??????????????? ?? ???

Leading The new manager showed great aptitude
for leading. ??????
? management He
didn't do very well in the test, but he got the
job, more by luck than management
????? ????????
managerial effectiveness The manager can
see his managerial effectiveness via the
costumers satisfaction.
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• ??????????? ?????? manufacturer
  
• Their shop sent those faulty goods back to the
  manufactures.

???/????
method They lack method they never plan
anything properly. ? ????????????????????????

motivate The teacher motivated him to study
hard. ??? ???????
multinational There are many
multinational companies in European countries
. ??? objective
? His principal
objective was international fame as a carpet
producer.
????? ?????? ?????????? organizing
The vice-chancellor
of his father's company is good at organizing the
routine work of the company. ????
performance The customer was impressed by
the machine's performance.
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• ????/ ????? ? ?????? Plan
  
• They have been planning these objectives for
  months.
• ???????? professional
• He is extremely professional in his approach to
  his job.

?????/??????
resources Resources of companies are usually
categorized into finance, property, equipment,
personnel, and materials . ????
????????????????? set up
He set up a committee to deal with the
matter. ?????? skill The manager must
learn the skill of organizing.
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2.1.2 General Words

• ????? / ?????? abstract
• These abstract matters make no sense to me give
  me concrete things to deal with everyday.
• ???? ???????????????? arrange
• He arranged all her business affairs before going
  on holiday.
• ????/????? aspect
• There is another interesting aspect of this
  matter which needs to think about.

???? ?????? ??????????
carry on They decided to carry on their
work in spite of the bad weather. ????????????????
??????? ?????
convey Some of the farmers conveyed their
goods to market in an old car.
???????? ????????? deviation There was
little deviation from his usual routine.
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???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? detect The
doctor has been able to detect some improvement
as a result of the medicine,
effectively
??? ??? ???? This means that
effectively we have no chance of finishing our
work on time. Efficiently
???? ?????? They get
industry running more efficiently. Essential

?????? It's essential that you attend all the
meetings. feasibility
?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????
He should do a feasibility study before
adopting the new proposals.
hunch ??????
?????? ??? ??? ???? He had a hunch that she
was lying.
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progress
??????? ????? Civilization is considered
to be the result of progress. procedure
????
Obtaining a refund from the company is a
complicated procedure.
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2.2 Reading

• Management is the process of planning,
  organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts
  of organization members and of using all other
  organizational resources to achieve stated
  organizational goals.
• ?????? ???????
• ???????? (??????) ???????
• ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?
  ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????????
  ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????
  ????? ???? (?????? ????) ????????? ????.

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• A process is a systematic way of doing things. We
  define management as a process because all
  managers, regardless of their particular
  aptitudes or skills, engage in certain
  interrelated activities in order to achieve their
  desired goals. We will briefly describe four main
  management activities or functions.
• ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
  ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????
  ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
  ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????
  ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????
  ??????? (???? ???????).

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• Planning
• Planning implies that managers think through
  their goals and actions in advance. Their actions
  are based on some method, plan, or logic rather
  than on a hunch. Plans give the organization its
  objectives and set up the best procedure for
  reaching them.
• ????????????
• ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???
  ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????????????
  ??? ???????. ?????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????
  ????? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???
  (????). ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? (??? ?? ???
  ??????? ????????) ? ??????? ?????? (????) ?????
  ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

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• The first step in planning is the selection of
  goals for the organization. Then objectives are
  established for the organization's subunits - its
  divisions, departments. and so. on. Once
  objectives are determined. programs are
  established for achieving them in a systematic
  manner. of course, in selection objectives and
  developing programs. the managers consider their
  feasibility and whether they will be acceptable
  to the organization's managers and employees.
• ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????
  ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??
  ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??
  ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????
  ?????????? ????? (????? ????) ? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ???????
  ?? ??? ????????.

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• Plans made by top management for the organization
  as a whole may cover periods as long as five or
  ten years. IN a large organization such as a
  multinational energy corporation. those plans may
  involve commitments of billions of dollars,
  Planning at lower levels, by middle or first line
  managers, covers much shorter periods. Such plans
  may be for the next day's work, for example, or
  for a two-hour meeting to take place in a week.
• ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
  ???? ????? ??????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ?? ??????? ?????.
  (??????? ???????? 5 ?? 10 ?????). ??????????
  ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????
  ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??????. ???????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????
  ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????
  ?????????? ?? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ??
  ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???
  ?????? ??????.

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• Organizing
• Organizing is the process of arranging and
  collecting work, authority, and resources among
  an organization's members so they can achieve an
  organization's goal efficiently. Different goals,
  of course, require different structures.
• ??????????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ??? (??????
  ???)? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????
  ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???
  ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
  ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????
  ???????? ??????? ????

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• For example, an organization that aims to develop
  computer software needs a different structure
  than a manufacturer of blue jeans. Producing a
  standardized product like blue jeans requires
  efficient assembly-line techniques, whereas
  producing software requires organizing teams of
  professionals, programmers, and so on.
• ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????
  ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??
  ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?????
  ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????
  ????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??? ????.

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• Although these professionals must interact
  effectively, they cannot be organized like
  assembly-line workers. Thus, managers must match
  an organization's structure to its goals and
  resources. It is important here to make the
  distinction between organizing and an
  organization. The former is a process the latter
  is a social grouping. The former, however can
  only be explained in terms of the latter.
• ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???
  ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????
  ??? ????? ??????????? ????. ????????? ???????
  ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??????
  ??? ??????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? (?????)
  ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ????. ??????????
  ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?
  ?????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ??? (?? ??????? ??) ????? ???????? ??????
  ????? ???.

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• Leading
• After management has made plans, created a
  structure, and hired appropriate personnel,
  someone must lead the organization. Some managers
  call this process directing or influencing..
• ?????? (??????)
• ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???.
  ???????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
  ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?
  ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????.

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• Whatever it's called, leading involves motivating
  others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve
  the organization's objectives. Leading doesn't
  simply begin after planning and organizing end.
• ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????
  ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???
  ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?
  ?????????? ????? ???????

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42

• .

In fact, leading is often crucial to the success
of those activities. The two key components of
effective leadership are motivation and
communication. While planning and organizing deal
with the more abstract aspects of the management
process, the activity of leading is very
concrete. It involves working with People. By
establishing the proper atmosphere, managers help
their employees do their best. ?? ??????? ??????
????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ???? ????.
?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?
??????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ?
?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????.
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
Unit 2 to be continued ...
43

• Controlling
• Finally, the managers must be sure the actions of
  the organization's members do in fact move the
  organization toward its stated goals.
• ??????
• ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????
  ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????
  ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????.

Unit 2 to be continued ...
44

• This is the controlling function of management,
  and it involves three main elements (1)
  Establishing standards of performance (2)
  Measuring current performance (3) Comparing this
  performance to the established standards and (4)
  If deviations are detected, taking corrective
  action (s).
• ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ??? ???? ????? ????
• 1- ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? 2-
  ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. 3- ??????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ?? 4-
  ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
  ????? ?????? ????.

Unit 2 to be continued ...
45
Through the controlling function, the manager
keeps the organization on its chosen track. Just
s a thermostat sends signals to the heating
system that the room temperature is too hot, or
too cold., so do control systems send signals to
managers that corrective action is needed Whereas
leading involves motivating others, controlling
involves directing their behaviors. (From Stoner
Hellrigel/Slocum, 1995). ?? ????? ??????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????
???? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ?????????
?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.
????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????
???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????
???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ???
?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????.
?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.
46
Unit 3. public administration

• General Aims
• Behavioral Objectives
• 3.1 Vocabulary
• 3.1.1 Key Words
• 3.2 Reading

47
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of public administration and
  some of the general words in meaningful contexts
  to expand your reading comprehension skills to
  make you familiar with typical passages of public
  administration, and enable you translate the
  related reading passages.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
48

• ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
  (?????) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????
  ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
  ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????
  ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???
  ???.

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3.1.1 Key Words

• Phrase
  ?????
• She was inhere own favorite phrase adwoman
  without the past.
• Citizens
  ??????
• She is Italian by birthbut is now an australian
  citizen.
• Issue ????? ????
  
• The police have issued an appeal for witnsses.
• Considered ?????? ???? ??? ????
  
• The company is being actively consideredas a
  potential partener.
• Administration ??????
  
• I work in the sales administration department .
• Express
  ???? ????
• Teachers have expressed concern about the
  emphasis on testing.
• Concept
  ?????
• He cant grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.

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• Abstract
  ?????
• The research show that pre-school childeren are
  capable of thinking in abstractterms.
• Activities
  ??????
• The streets were noisy and activities.
• Discussion
  ???
• After consideration discussion they decided to
  accept our offer.
• Refer
  ????? ????
• Her mother never refer to him again.
• Entire
  ????
• I wasted an entire day on it.
• Community
  ??????
• Healt workers baed in the community.
• ?????
  District
• The city of londos finanical district.

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• sanitary
  ???????
• The hot hat no koocing or sanitary facilities.
• useful
  ?????
• He might be useful to us.
• National
  ???
• National and international news.
• include
  ????
• Dose the price include tax?
• ?????
  Development
• a babys development in the womb.
• Concerns ?????
  
• She hasnt been seen for four days and thereis
  concerns for her safty.
• Replaced
  ????? ????
• Teacher will never be replaced by computers in
  the classroom.
• Servant ???????
  
• They treat their mother like a servant.

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• Images
  ????
• He started at his own images reflected in the
  water.
• Variety ????
• He resigned for a variety of reasons.
• ???????
  Evaluation
• Without seeing his work, the evaluation of his
  ability is really.
• ??????
  Process
• I am afraid getting things changed will be a slow
  process.
• ????? Diverse
  
• My interests is very diverse.
• ??????? Values
  
• The winner will revise a prize to the value of
  1000.
• ??????
  Complex
• The complex structure of the human brain.

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• ????? Vital
  
• It was vital to show that he was not afraid.
• ?? ????? Simply
  
• You can enjoy all the water sports, or simply lie
  on the beach.
• ????? ? Cooperate
  
• They had cooperate closely in the planning of the
  project.
• ???? Rudiment
  
• Mr. smith work on the rudiments of a new ideas.
• ???????? Appeared
  
• He appears the perfectly normal person.
• ????? ????
  illustrates
• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken
  during the expedition.
• ????? Ingredient
• Our skin cream contains only natural Ingredients.
  

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54

• Hill
  ???
• The house built the side hill over looking the
  river.
• Act??? ????
  
• The murder was the act of a psychopath.
• Action
  ???
• The time has the come for action it this
  beautiful animals are to survive.
• Regarding ?????
  
• Call me if you have any problems regarding your
  work.
• although
  ?????
• Although small, the kitchen is well designed.
• ????? ?????
  Believe
• People used the believe (that) the earth was
  flat.
• ?? ????? ???? Otherwise
• It is primited to sell or otherwise distribute
  copies of past examination paper.

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55

• ?????
  Interaction
• The interaction of bactria with the bodys
  naturale chemistry.
• ?? ????
  occur
• Something unexpected occurred.
• ?? ?? ?????? Combine
  
• Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
• ????
  Efforts
• A lot of efforts has gone into making this event
  a success.
• ?????
  Essence
• In essence ,your situation isnt so different
  from mine.
• ???
  Human
• his food is not fit for human consumption.
• ??? Separates
  
• The school is housed in two separate buildings.

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• ?????? ???
  Blurred
• She suffered from dizziness and blurred vision.
• ???? ?????
  Biology
• How for is human nature determined by biology?
• ???????
  Lecture
• To attend the series of lectures on Jane Austen.
• ????? ????
  Produce
• Our cat produced kittens last week.
• ?????
  Professor
• He was mad professor at the age of 40.
• ????? Society
  
• Racism exist at all levels of society.
• ????
  Exciting
• I still find the gob exiting.

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57

• Obtain
  ?? ??? ?????
• I finally managed it obtain a copy of the report.
• Toward
  ?? ???
• She had her back towards me.
• Essential
  ????
• Money is not essential to happiness.
• Reporting
  ?????
• Objective reporting.
• Pollution??????
  
• To reduce levels of environmental pollution.
• Undertake
  ?? ???? ?????
• University professor both teach and undertake
  research.

????? Project
A building project.
Unit 3 to be continued ...
58

• Engaged
  ?????
• He is now engaged on his second novel.
• Domain??????????
  
• Industrial management is really outside this
  domain.
• Implement
  ???? ????
• The new manager implements program of reforms.
• Task?????
  
• Becoming skillful in any area of administration
  is not easy task.
• Bureaucracy????? ?????
  
• Bureaucracy is a complicated official routine
  which dominates over most offices in our society.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
59

• Graphically
  ?????
• The murders are graphically described in the
  article.
• Department ????????
  
• government, business, university, etc The
  treasury department.
• Organized
  ????
• He works in a highly organized office.
• Public ?????
  
• The public are not allow to enter the courtroom.
• Goals
  ?????
• The company has set itself some high production
  goals for this year.
• Record
  ??????????
• The airline has a bad safty record, ie, its
  aircrafts often crash.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
60
3.2 Reading

• The words public administration express a concept
  that at first glance may seem abstract and
  nondescript.
• However, a closer look at the phrase helps take
  away the ambiguity.
• Public simply means the citizens of a given
  area-the people of a town, county, state or
  country.
• ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??
  ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??
  ???.?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???
  ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? .
• ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??
  ??? ????? (??????
• . ????? ) ?????? ?? ???? ???,

Unit 3 to be continued ...
61

• If an issue is considered in the public domain,
  information and discussion about the issue are
  open to, or shared by, the people, and can be
  generally known to all, also, the word public
  refers to activities administered by the state in
  the name of entire community.
• Public administrators serve the people.
• ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? issue ???
  ???? ?? ??????
• ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ? ??
  ????? ???? ??? ??
• ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? Public
  ???? ???. ???? ??? ???
• (?????)?? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????
  ???.
• ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????.

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• Organized collectives of citizens constitute a
  variety of public communities in every country.
  These publicly organized communities include
  national state, and local governments. they
  include townships, state recreation areas and
  public utilities.
• ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ?? ???? ???.
• ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ???? ??? ???? ???.?????????? township?????? )
  ???? ????? ?? (??? ?? ? ?? ???? ???)??????
  ????? ?????? ????? (???????) ????? ???.

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63

• They include school, sanitary, and water
  districts. there are also public libraries,
  public parks, public defenders, public roadways,
  and, of course, public servants.
• ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???
  ???????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????.

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64

• So, as we study public administration, the
  abstract, nondescript, colorless images of public
  bureaucracies will fade away. they will be
  replaced by more concrete concerns about the
  development. evaluation, and implementation of
  how people spend their daily life.
• ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
  ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ??? ?????.???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?
  ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
  ???? ??????? ??????.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
65

• Public administration is the process of
  implementing those diverse values in our complex
  and ever-changing society and therefore plays a
  vital role in the daily life of all citizens.
• ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??
  ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???
  ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????.

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66

• In a classic work Herbert Simon, Donald
  Smithburg, and Victor Thompson define
  administration simply but graphically in this
  opening sentence when two men cooperate to roll
  a stone that neither could have monde alone,
  the rudiments of administration have appeared.
• That illustrates much about what administration
  is and what it is not .
• ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? (graphically) ?? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ???
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????
  ????? ?????? ?????.??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??
  ???????? ????.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
67

• The first and foremost ingredient of
  administration is people. a stone by itself on a
  hill is not involved in any from of
  administration it that stone rolls down the hill
  by some act of nature, administration is not
  involved. People have to be present before
  administration can take place.
• ????????? ????? ???? ?????.??( foremost)?????
  ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???
  ?????(????)??? ??? ?????? ????? ????.??? ?? ???
  ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
68

• The second ingredient of administration is
  action. two men looking at the stone are not, in
  that act alone ,involved in administration. the
  men must take some action regarding the stone
  before administration can enter the picture
  .there is no such thing as inactive
  administration although many who have dealt with
  administrative agencies sometimes believe
  otherwise.
• ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???.?? ??? ?? ?? ????
  ???? ?? ???? ?? ????
• ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.?????
  ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??
  ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????.???? ??? ?????
  ???? ?????(????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? (inactive
  ?????? ????? ???????
• (?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????
  ???????????).

Unit 3 to be continued ...
69

• The third ingredient is interaction. if one man
  moves the stone, administration does not occur.
  at least two men must combine their efforts in
  some way to move the stone in order for activity
  to involve administration. the essence of
  administration is people relating to other
  people.
• ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???.??????? ????
  ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????.????? ??
  ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??
  ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???.??????????
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???.

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• People interacting with other people to
  accomplish take-this is what administration is
  about, although obviously not all activity
  involving human interaction cab bear the label
  administration . the line the separates
  administration from other types of human
  interaction often becomes blurred.
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??
  ????.??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????
  ???(obviously ????? ???? ?? ???.????? ?????? (
• ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
  ???? ????.??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
71

• For example biology class lecture is not, in
  itself, a form of administration. The student are
  there to obtain to product and the professor is
  there to dispense that product. consequently, the
  students, as learner, are no more engaged in an
  administrative relationship whit their teacher
  than department store customers are with a sales
  clerk.
• ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ??
• ?????? ????? ????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????(consequently
  ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.?? ?????(
• ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???
  ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????
  ????? ??????.

Unit 3 to be continued ...
72

• But if the professor and student undertake a join
  project, such as investigating pollution levels
  in a nearby river and reporting the results to
  the state legislature, the relationship changes.
  no they are mutually involved in an endeavor,
  and their joint activity is an essential part of
  administration.
• ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????
  ??????? ???? ????? ????
• ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
  ?? ???? ?????
• ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???.????? ???? ???????
  (state legislature)
• ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ??? ???? ????
  ?????? (mutually(
• ????? ???.

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73

• To sum up, administration is process involving
  human beings jointly engaged in working toward
  common goals. Administration thus covers many, if
  not most, of the more exiting activities that
  take place in human society.
• (From Berkeley?1994)
• ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ????? ????? ?????.?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ??? ???? ?? (??? ?????? ??? ???? ??)?? ??
  ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???.
• (?? ?????? 1994 )

74
Unit 4.
Decision Making

• General Aims
• Behavioral Objectives
• 4.1 Vocabulary
• 4.1.1 Key Words
• 4.1.2 General Words
• 4.2 Reading

75
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of decision and some of the
  general words in meaningful contexts to expand
  your reading comprehension skills to make you
  familiar with typical passages of decision
  making, and to enable you translate the related
  reading passages.
• ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??
  ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???
  ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.

Unit 4 to be continued ...
76
4.1.1 Key Words

• ????? Decision
  
• . He hope you made the right decision
• ?????
  Communication
• we must improve communication between workers
  and employer. ?????? ????
  Estimate She
  estimate that the work would take three months.
  ???? ????? Inventory level
  
  the inventory (level) of these stores
  have not been determined ye
  ????? Judgment
  the manager
  wants to from a judgment of his staffs
  capability.
• ???? ???
  long-term
• I hope that these difficulties wont be long-term
  ones.

Unit 4 to be continued ...
77

• ?????
  Market
• We must find new foreign market for our products.
• ??? ?????
  Out put level
• The average output level of the factory is 30
  washing machines a day.
• ?????
  Policy
• It is our policy to have most of the industries
  in this country under local
• Ownership.
• ????
  Price
• these goods have only just arrived in the shop
  and havent yet been priced.
• ???????
  Responsibility
• the new employee has no sense of responsibility
  dont ask him to help.
• ???? Risk
  
• we send these goods at owners risk.

Unit 4 to be continued ...
78

• ?????? \ ?????
  Routine
• She found it difficult to establish a new routine
  after retirement.
• ????? ???
  Short-term
• There is short-term agreement between those
  private companies.
• ???? \ ?????
  Statement
• He gets a statement from his bank every month.

Unit 4 to be continued ...
79
4.1.2 General Words

• ????? ??? Approach
• as you approach the matter ,you will certainly
  have a lot of stress.
• ?????? approach
  
  
• his approach was direct he just came and asked
  for more money.
• ????? circumstance
  
• The circumstances forced me to accept a very low
  price when I sold my house.
• ????
  deliberation
• After long deliberation, they decided not to buy
  the expensive house.
• ????? ??? encounter
  
• He encountered his old friend on the road.
• 
  

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80

• ???? immediate
  
• the manager wants an immediate reply on the part
  of the employee
• ?????
  immediacy
• The immediacy of the problem meant he had to drop
  everything and solve it.
• ??? ?????
  Inherent
• It is an inherent part of human nature to avoid
  pain.
• ???\????
  sheer
• It was a sheer knowledge of the decision making
  process.
• ????
  trivial
• Why do you get angry over such trivial matter?

Unit 4 to be continued ...
81
4.2 Reading

• Decision Making Decision making is an accepted
  part of everyday human life. As individuals we
  may make a decision on the spur of the moment or
  after much thought and deliberation or at some
  point between these two extremes. Our decision
  may be influenced by emotions, by reasoning or by
  a combination of both.

????? ????


?????
???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???.
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??
???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???
?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????
??????
Unit 4 to be continued ...
82

• In organizations, people with managerial roles
  are expected, among other things to make decision
  as an important part of their responsibilities.
  Managerial decision making tends to be rational
  in its approach. Decision making is a key
  management element because managers continually
  face decisions in planning organizing, leading,
  and controlling that affect the performance.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??
??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ????
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????
??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ??
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?
????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???
????? ???? ?? ???.
Unit 4 to be continued ...
83

• . A decision is the choice made from among
  available alternatives that is expected result
  in a favorable resolution to a problem However
  managerial decision making does not begin or
  end with the decision, because there must be a
  problem posed before a decision can be made, and
  after the decision must be implemented. The
  broader term decision making defines the process
  of identifying problem, considering and
  evaluating the alternative, arriving at a
  decision, taking action, and assessing the
  outcome. This process describes how managers
  should approach the problem they encounter.

?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????
??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????
?? ???? ????? ???. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ????. ???? ????
??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??
????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ??
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?
?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???
Unit 4 to be continued ...