Phrases

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Phrases

• Why is it important to understand what kind of
  phrase I am using?
• Inexperienced writers sometimes confuse readers
  by putting prepositional phrases in the wrong
  places in their sentences. If you understand
  what the phrase is doing, modifying a noun or
  verb, then you know where to place it. That is
  why we are learning about Adjective Phrases and
  Adverb Phrases. Misplaced modifiers is a
  frustrating error for both writers and readers.

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Some misplaced modifiers and how they affect
sentences

• Brockton Kennels sells retriever puppies to
  loving families with vaccinations. (Is it the
  families who are vaccinated?)
• Brockton Kennels sells retriever puppies with
  vaccinations. Adjective Phrase
• By placing prepositional phrases closer to what
  they modify, you can avoid confusing your reader.
• Golden retrievers are valued for their eagerness
  to work by hunters.
• Golden retrievers are valued by hunters for their
  eagerness. Adverb Phrase
• Now you try it! Pg. 68 Ex. 3 Practice and Apply
  B only. Orange Book

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Adjective PhrasesWhy use them? They give the
reader more information and the more details you
can give your writing the better!

• The book from the library is due.
• Like an adjective, an adjective phrases answers
  the questions, which one? What kind? Etc. about a
  noun or pronoun.
• The dog with short legs is a dachshund. Which
  one?
• Please empty this bag of groceries. What kind?
• The radio in the kitchen doesnt work. Which
  one?
• The captain of the debating team met the
  principal.

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Help Me!Lets try and figure out where the noun
or pronoun is and then the adjective phrase that
modifies it. We can ink by going to the bottom
left of the screen and clicking on the inking
options. Come up and use the pen to find the
adj. phrases.

• A tablespoon of butter contains 100 calories.
• The article about animals without a home was sad.
• The little boat with the two masts is a yawl.
• The pot of soup on the stove should be removed.
• The car in front of the school is illegally
  parked.
• One of my brothers joined the team at the high
  school.
• I took a picture of my grandparents.
• Some of these trees reach a height of 400 feet.

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Adverb Phrases Why use them? They give the
reader more information and the more details you
can give your writing the better! Now if you
understand the difference between and adverb
phrase and an adjective phrase, then you will be
less likely to misplace them and put them in the
wrong places. When they are misplaced, you get
very awkward sentences. Remember, an adverb
phrase modifies a verb, adjective or other
adverb. It answers the questions where? When?
How? To what extent? To what degree?

• The baseball whizzed by the batter.
• Everyone came to my house.
• June will drive to California. (where?)
• We should meet during intermission. (when?)
• John answered the questions with confidence.
  (How?)

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Help me! Lets find the adverb phrases and the
words they modify. We can ink by using the ink
option on the bottom left. Come up and use the
pen to find the word modified and the phrase

• Hockey pucks are kept in a refrigerator. (where?)
• Since Thursday, we have been rehearsing the play.
• The band performed on the field during halftime.
• A small boy fished for trout.
• I am very happy about your promotion.
• A bird sees everything in total focus.
• During the marathon, we sat on the curbside.
• Some lizards can run on their hind legs.
• Within the week give your report to Robertson.
• After English class I went to homeroom.
• At certain times snow falls in the Sahara!
• The Mexican hedgehog cactus can live five years
  without water.
• Notes Where does the comma go???If a short
  adverb phrase comes at the beginning of a
  sentence, usually no comma is needed. You
  should, however, place a comma after an
  introductory adverb phrase of four or more words.

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You try it!

• Now take a few minutes to work on the practice
  and apply. Pg. 68 ex. 3 Only A. (orange book)
• Final review for adjective and adverb phrases.
  (Grammar Folder in 9th Grade Grammar folder)

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Appositives and Appositive PhrasesWhy it
matters Using appositives and appositive
phrases offers a concise way of explaining how a
person or thing is special or unique.

• Comma Rules You do NOT include commas if the
  appositive phrase is essential to the sentence.
  The information is essential if it identifies a
  person, place or thing. However, a comma is
  needed before and after an appositive or an
  appositive phrase if the information is not
  essential to the meaning of the sentence.
• Ex. Tuesday we watched the play Romeo and Juliet
  on T.V. (Essential Appositive)
• Romeo and Juliet, a play by Shakespeare, can be
  seen on T.V. Tuesday. (Commas are used because
  the appositive could be dropped from the
  sentence.)

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Appositives Help me! Come up and take the pen to
find them.

• My sister plays the cornet, a wind instrument.
• Voyager I photographed Jupiter, our largest
  planet, in 1979.
• George would like to take up the popular sport
  wind surfing.
• Juneau, the capital of Alaska, has a deep harbor.
• Lets meet at Kims, the new restaurant on Main
  Street.
• Lynn and Ted danced to the song Blue Velvet.
• The organist Franz Gruber wrote the music for
  Silent Night.
• Eating a meal with chopsticks, two narrow wooden
  sticks, is an oriental custom.
• The herbs parsley and mint grow well indoors.
• At Mardis Gras, a famous carnival in New Orleans,
  people wear costumes.
• According to Herodotus, a Greek historian, it
  took 400,000 men 20 years to build the Great
  Pyramid in Egypt.
• The first man to drive a vehicle on the moon was
  David Scott, an American.

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Now you try

• Pg. 70 Orange book Ex. 3 A B

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Review for Adjective Adverb Phrases and
Appositives.Directions Highlight the adverb
adjective phrases and appositives and appositive
phrases. Identify what kind of phrase it is by
writing Adv. for adverb phrase, Adj. for adverb
phrase and App. For any appositives or appositive
phrases above the highlighted phrase.

•  
• In a year you eat a total of two and a half tons
  of food.
•  
• In parts of China, roast pig was a gourmets
  delight.
•  
• Truffles, a subterranean fungus, are the most
  expensive food in the world.
•  
• In the eastern part of Texas, a rich
  spinach-growing area, farmers have erected a
  statue of Popeye.
•  
• A 220-pound wheel of cheese can require gallons
  of milk.
•  
• The apple, a healthy treat, has spread throughout
  Europe.
•  
• Chocolate contains theobromine, a mild stimulate.
•  
• Cid, a gray mare, cried during the night.
•  
• Rennet, a common substance in cheese, is taken
  from the calfs stomach lining.
•  

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More review

• Diamonds in meteorites sometimes fall from the
  sky.
• Mr. Leonard, our principal, sings in the church
  choir.
• A grasshoppers sense of hearing is centered in
  it front knees.
• The Chinese New Year always begins between
  January 20 and February 20.
• Silk material from India is very soft.
• The lead guitarist in that band it Rufo Ortiz, my
  next door neighbor.
• I now work after school at the super market.
• Some members of the dinosaur family were only the
  size of rabbits.
• Daylight savings time was begun by Benjamin
  Franklin.
• The average adult elephant is covered with one
  ton of skin.
• Oysters on trees can be seen on many islands in
  the Caribbean Sea.
• The Abyssinian, a beautiful short-haired feline,
  developed from the African wildcat.
• The ZIP in ZIP code stands for zone improvement
  plan.
• My father, the man in the blue suit, will the
  speaker at the assembly.

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Now it is time for the test.

• Adj., adv. App. Phrases
• We will do work with misplaced modifiers at the
  end of this unit. Now lets move on to Verbals.

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Verbals Participial Phrases

• A participle is a verb form that acts as an
  adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun. A
  participial phrase consists of a participial plus
  its modifiers.
• Inhaling the sweet sharp apple air through his
  nostrils, he was afraid to open his mouth wide,
  wary of any movement that was not absolutely
  essential. He walked tentatively toward the
  sidelines, listening to the coach barking at the
  other guys. Using verbals makes your writing
  come alive and makes it more interesting. Plus,
  it varies your sentence structure!

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Why it matters Many writers have trouble
placing participial phrases in sentences.
Putting words in the wrong place can result in a
misplaced or dangling phrases that will confuse
the reader.

• A misplaced participial phrase is closer to some
  other noun than it is to the one it modifies.
• Draft Beginning in the 1980s, Thanksgiving day
  was when top high school football teams from
  different regions paired off in major games.
• (This sentence makes it sound as if the first
  Thanksgiving holiday occurred in the 1890s.)
• Revised Beginning in the 1890s, top high school
  football teams from different regions paired off
  in major games on Thanksgiving day.
• (A participial phrase that begins a sentence
  should be followed immediately by what it
  modifies.)

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Dangling participial phrase is one that does not
logically modify any of the words in the sentence
in which it appears.

• Draft Responding to changes in the rules of
  football, the forward pass was used more often in
  high school games in the 1920s.
• (A forward pass cannot do anything except get
  caught or hit the ground!)
• Revised Responding to changes in the rules of
  football, high school coaches began using the
  forward pass more often in the 1920s.
• (The coaches were the ones who responded to the
  rule changes.)

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Verbal Participial Phrase A phrase that
modifies a noun. A Participial phrase acts like
an adjective. Lets do this together.

• Preferring soccer or basketball, many students do
  not sign up for football.
• Concerned about football injuries, parents
  suggest other sports to their kids.
• Reacting to a lack of interest, school officials
  have cut football funds.
• Remaining popular in many urban areas, however,
  high school football wont be dying out any time
  soon.
• Many teenagers playing on high school football
  teams have had to quit because they work.
• Worried about their childrens grades, parents
  insist that their teenagers concentrate on
  academics rather than sports.
• Established by the NFL, football academies teach
  skills that many professional players use.
• Flying low, the plane circled the airport.
• The elm growing in our yard is twenty years old.
• The grand prize will go to the person giving the
  right answer.

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Punctuating with Participial Phrases

• A participial phrase that comes at the beginning
  of a sentence is always followed by a comma.
• Participial phrases that come in the middle or at
  the end of the sentence may not need commas. If
  the information is ESSENTIAL, no commas are
  needed.
• My down vest, given to me as a present, keeps me
  warm. Not essential, so commas are used.
• The painting hanging near the door is Lees.
  Essential
• You Try!!!Do the review wkst participial phrases.

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You Try It!

• Find a partner and together, write four sentences
  that begin with participial phrases. Have fun
  with them! File transfer the word document to me
  when you are done and we will try to find the
  participial phrases! Make both names are on the
  document. Save it as Participial Practice in
  your grammar folder.

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Gerund Phrases

• A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing and acts
  as a noun. It is simply another kind of verbal.
• He loves swimming. What THING does he love?
  Swimming. Here swimming is the noun.
• Now, lets put this into a gerund phrase
• He loves swimming in the ocean.
• Like nouns, gerunds can act as subjects and this
  is where your sentence variety comes in to
  practice.
• Swimming competitively requires practice. What
  requires practice? What THING or what NOUN?
  Swimming competitively. This is our gerund
  phrase.

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Why it matters in writing

• Gerunds can help make your writing more concise.
  Here is an example
• A person who swims across the English canal makes
  an awesome accomplishment. Even the fastest
  swimmers spend more than seven hours to make the
  trip across the channel.

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Lets Try finding the Gerunds.

• Swimming is one of the best forms of exercise.
• Please stop all that yelling!
• An early method of food preservation was
  pickling.
• The hungry boys gave eating their full attention.
• Running across the yard tired out the puppy.
• Whispering in class is disruptive.
• Kim has always enjoyed cooking.
• Dreaming is a common experience for people.
• Answering the phone can be dreadful.
• Painting still life portraits is Toms new hobby.
• Graduating from college is important for future
  job security.
• Arriving on time for a job interview creates a
  good impression.
• Getting up at six is part of my routine.

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Lets try some more

• Competing in the Olympics has been his dream for
  years.
• Having only seven months to prepare made it
  difficult for him to qualify.
• Winning the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly
  was a dream come true.
• Earning a law degree was not easy.
• Working every day was dreadful for him.
• Reading every day does not weaken the eyes.
• Rowing all day on the river made our muscles
  weak.
• Rushing the passer seemed like a good strategy
  for the football team.

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You Try It!

• Find a partner and write four sentences which
  begin with Gerund Phrases. Have fun with your
  sentences! When you finish, file transfer the
  document to me with both names on it and I will
  put all of them on the smart board so we can try
  finding the gerund phrases. Save it as Gerund
  Practice in your grammar folder.

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Infinitive Phrases Verbals

• An infinitive is a verb that usually begins with
  to. It is used as a noun at the beginning of the
  sentence and this is how we will use it for
  sentence variety. It looks different from a
  participial or a gerund because it usually begins
  with the word to.
• It can be found within the sentence acting as an
  adjective and adverb too.
• An infinitive is TO plus a VERB FORM
• To Drive, To Walk. NOT To Texas, To my house
• If the phrase begins with TO and ends with a
  NOUN, it is a prepositional phrase.

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Why it matters in writing

• Using infinitive phrases, you can combine
  sentences in a way that eliminates unnecessary
  words and sharpens the relationship between
  ideas.
• Draft Golfers use many different types of clubs
  during a tournament. Different clubs are needed
  to hit good shots.
• Revision Golfers use many different types of
  clubs to hit good shots during a tournament.

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Lets try to find the infinitive phrases.

• I would like to speak.
• That stereo is too expensive to buy.
• To buy the stereo would be a mistake.
• I need some time to rest.
• To rest for a while would be fantastic!
• What did you want to say?
• To say you are angry would be a lie.
• To give something back to society is important.
• To overcome fear is a major task.
• To turn your dreams into reality takes hard word.

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Find the infinitive phrases

• We hope to finish early.
• To finish early would be impossible.
• Europeans were the first to use wallpaper.
• To prevent snow blindness, Eskimos have been
  wearing sunglasses for 2,000 years.
• In Baltimore it is a crime to mistreat an oyster.
• Henry Ford was the first employer in America to
  guarantee a minimum wage of five dollars.
• Helen Madison was the first woman to swim 100
  yards in one minutes.
• To swim one hundred yards in one minute is a
  major accomplishment.

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Now you try

• Find a partner and write four sentences which
  begin with infinitive Phrases. Have fun with
  your sentences! When you finish, file transfer
  the document to me with both names on it and I
  will put all of them on the smart board so we can
  try finding the gerund phrases. Save it as
  Infinitive Practice in your grammar folder.

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Placement of Phrases

• A common mistake that writers make is putting
  phrases in the wrong positions in sentences.
  This mistake usually involves phrases used as
  adjectives or adverbs.
• A Misplaced Phrases is a phrase that is placed so
  far away from the word it modifies that the
  meaning of the sentence is unclear or incorrect.
  
• DRAFT The U.S. team in mens indoor volleyball
  won the most gold medals during the 1980s.
• This sentence says that the U.S. mens indoor
  volleyball team won more gold medals than any
  other team in the sport and this is not true.
• REVISION The U.S. team won the most medals in
  mens indoor volleyball during the 1980s.

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Dangling Phrases

• When the words that a phrase should modify are
  missing from the sentence, the phrase is called a
  dangling phrase.
• DRAFT Failing to win a gold medal in the 1900s,
  the Olympic womens indoor volleyball competition
  has been disappointing.
• The sentence above says that a competition was
  what didnt win a gold medal.
• Failing to win a gold medal in the 1900s, the
  U.S. womens indoor volleyball team was
  disappointing at the Olympics.

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Why it matters

• Sentences with phrases that are NOT placed
  properly can sound confusing to readers. Such
  sentences can end up sounding downright silly.
• To keep their grades up, homework assignments
  need to take a priority over students athletic
  activities.
• (When did homework assignments develop a mind of
  their own? Are we in the twilight zone?)

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Lets try

• Jack noticed two robins bicycling to school.
• (Are the robins bicycling to school or is Jack?)
• I came upon an accident turning the corner.
• (Is the accident turning the corner?)
• Weighed down by our packs, the trail seemed
  endless.
• (Is the trail weighed down by packs?)
• Driving to Miami, our road maps were a big help.
• (Were the road maps traveling to Miami?)

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• Jogging along the street, my ankle twisted.
• (Was your ankle jogging down the street?)
• We saw a deer riding along in our car.
• Turning the pages, my eye noticed the record sale
  at Ricks Records.
• (Was your eye turning the pages?)
• That gift was given by Eric wrapped in silver
  paper.
• After glancing at the clock, the book was closed
  by Linda.
• Growing in the garden, I picked some tomatoes.

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• We admired the Autumn leaves gliding along in our
  canoe.
• Having waited up for the election results,
  weariness overcame us.
• Leaping out of the water, the trainer threw a
  fish to the dolphin.
• We noticed a stranger at the front door looking
  out the upstairs window.
• To avoid any last-minute problems, reservations
  should be made in advance.
• (Are the reservations avoiding last minute
  problems?)

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You try it.

• Do pg. 79 orange book. 1-10

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Writing Review

• Now choose three of your journal prompts.
  Between the 3 paragraphs, you need to include ALL
  of the phrases we reviewed. It might be easiest
  to write per paragraph.
• 1 Appositive
• 1 Adjective Phrase (begin sentence)
• 1 Adverb Phrase (begin sentence)
• 1 Gerund (begin sentence)
• 1 Infinitive (begin sentence)
• 1 Participial phrase (begin sentence)

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Test Time!!!

• I will put this pp with our corrections on my
  website for you to download. Use it to study for
  the test.