Title: Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
1Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization The
Rise and Spread of Islam
- Desert and Town
- Bedouin Nomads of the Arabian Peninsula with a
culture based on herding camels and goats - Shaykhs Leaders of tribes and clans within
Bedouin society usually possessed large herds,
several wives, and many children. - Mecca Arabian commercial center dominated by
the Quraysh the home of Muhammad and the future
center of Islam - Medina Town northeast of Mecca asked Muhammad
to resolve its intergroup differences. Muhammads
flight to Medina, the Hijra, in 622 began the
Muslim calendar.
2- The inhospitable Arabian Peninsula was inhabited
by Bedouin societies. The towns were extensions
of Bedouin society, sharing its culture and ruled
by its clans. - Bedouin religion was for most clans a blend of
animism and polytheism
3- Umayyad Clan of the Quraysh that dominated
Mecca later an Islamic dynasty. Umayyad clan
dominated Mecca. - Kaba Revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca
incorporated into Muslim worship.
4Kaba In Mecca, important religious shrine,
during an boligatory annyual truce in interclans
feuds, attracted pilgrims and visitors. Quran
The word of God as revealed through Muhammad
made into the holy book of Islam.
5- Women did not wear veils and were not secluded
- Both sexes had multiple marriage partners.
- Men who were the honored warrior remained
superior - Traditional practices of property control,
inheritance, and divorce favored men. - Women did drudge labor.
- Female status was even more restricted in urban
centers.
6The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam
- Muhammad founder of Islam, born about
570,raised in Mecca. - Spread of monotheistic ideas. Muhammad became
dissatisfied with life focused on material gain.
- 610 he received a revelations transmitted from
God via the angel Gabriel. Later , written in
Arab ic and collected in the Quran, they formed
the basis for Islam. - Khadijah First wife of Muhammad who was the
widow of a wealthy merchant
7Persecution, Flight, and Victory
- Umma Community of the faithful within Islam
- Zakat Tax for charity obligatory for all muslims
- Five pillars the obligatory religious duties for
all Muslims - Caliph the successor to Muhammad as head of the
Islamic community.
Islam offered opportunities for uniting Arabs by
providing a distinct indigenous monotheism
supplanting clan division and allowing an end to
clan feuding.
8- Islam offered an ethical system capable of
healing social rifts in Arab society. - All believers were equal before Allah
- The strong and wealthy were responsible for the
care of the weak and poor.
- The Prophets teachings and the Quran became the
basis for laws regulating the Muslim faithful. - All faced a last judgment by a stern but
compassionate God.
9The Arab Empire of he Umayyads
- After Muhammad in 632 CE, the Umayya clan, seized
leadership of the Muslim faithful and began a
sequence of stunning conquest throughout the
Middle Eat and north Africa
- Caliph the successor to Muhammad as head of the
Islamic community - Ali Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad one of eh
orthodox caliphs focus for the development of
Shism - Abu Bakr Succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph.
10- Ridda Wars Wars following Muhammads death the
defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored
the unity of Islam - Jihad Islamic holy war Launched to forcibly
spread the Muslim faith - Uthman Third caliph his assassination set offf
a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and
Ali - Battle of Siffin Battle fought in 657 between
Ali and the Umayyad led to negotiations that
fragmented Alis party.
11- Sunni Followers of the majority interpretation
within Islam included the Umayyads - Shia Followers of Alis interpretation of Islam
- Ali was assassinated in 661, the dispute left
apermanent division within Islam. - Muawiya First Umayyad caliph his capital was
Damascus, Syria - Karbala Site of the defeat and death of Husayn,
the son of Ali
The Shia, eventually dividing into many sects,
continued to uphold the rights of Alis
descendants to be caliphs.
12- Dhimmis The people of the book, Jews,
Christians later extended to Zoroastrians and
Hindus. - Jizya head tax paid by all non-Muslims in
Islamic lands. - Mawali non-Arab converts to Islam
- Damascus Ancient Islamic cultural center
capital of present-day Syria
Dhimmis had to pay taxes but were allowed to
retain their own religious and social organization
13(No Transcript)
14- Umayyad Decline and Fall
- Luxury, and decline of military talents
- Men married locally along the frontier and
changed loyalties - Rebels led aby the Abbasid clan defeated the
Umayyads in 750 and assassinated most of their
clan leaders.
Arab surgery
15- From Arab to Islamic Empires The Early Abbasid
Era - New capital Baghdad
- Increased size, increased bureaucratic expansion,
absolutism and luxurious living - Turned on Shia and support Sunni Islam
16The great extent of empire hindered efficiency,
but the regime worked well for more than a
century. Royal executioner symbolized the
absolute power of the rulers over their subjects.
17- Islamic Conversion and Malawi Acceptance
- Mawali Non-Arab converts to Islam
- Jizya Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in
Islamic lands - Wazir Chief administrative official undr the
Abbasids - Abbasids Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in
750 their capital was Baghdad - Under Abbasids new converts both Arabs and
others, wree fuly integrated into the Muslim
community. - Most conversions occurred peacefully.
- Many individuals sincerely accepted appealing
ethical Islamic beliefs. - Others avoided special taxes and opportunities
for advancement - Persians, became the real power in the imperial
system
18- Commercial Boom
- Rise of Mawali, accompanied growth in wealth and
status of merchant and landlord classes. - Increase in Afro-Eurasian trading network
- Skilled artisans formed guild like organizations
- Slaves performed labor
- Rural landed elite, the ayan emerged
- Ayan Wealthy landed elite that emerged under
Abbasids
19- Flowering of Islamic Learning
- Arabs before Islam, no writing
- Under Abbasids, palace and mosque construction.
- Islamic learning flurished in religious, legal
and philosophical discurse
- Special focus on the sciences and mathematics
- Scholars recovered earlier civilizations (Greek
and Roman) - Greek writings were saved and passed on the
Christian world - Muslims introduced Indian (Arabic) Numbers into
the Mediterranean world
20Blue Mosque
- Mosque Islamic temple and place of worship
- Dhows ship with lateen sails and raised deck at
the stern used along the coasts of east Africa
and the Middle East - Allah Islamic term for God
21Early Islam and the World
- By the 9th c. Abbasid power had waned, the Turks
converted to Islam and became a major component
of the Muslim world. - The Arabs had created a basis for the first
global civilization, incorporating many
linguistic and ethnic groups into one culture - Religion and politics had been joined
- They absorbed precedents form earlier
civilizations
22Cornell Note Taking Class Discussions