The Truman Era aka Start of the Cold War

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The Truman Era(aka Start of the Cold War)

• Chapter 28

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United Nations is Formed

• To be a center for helping nations to
• Keep peace
• Develop friendly relations
• Eliminate poverty, disease, illiteracy,
  environmental destruction,
• Encourage respect for Human Rights
• Avoid using force or threats to resolve
  differences
• Settle differences peacefully

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UN Org Chart
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Sampling of UN Agencies

• Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia
• UN Inspection Committee for Iraq
• Peacekeeping Forces
• Economic and Social Council
• Commission on Human Rights
• UNICEF
• World Bank
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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Growing Distrust of Russians

• Communist Fears of World Dominance since 1917
• General distrust of Stalin
• no free elections Poland
• Baltic countries still controlled by Russia
• Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania forced communism
• Soviet troops still in Iran
• Turkey pressured to give bases to Soviets
• Greek civil war being supported by Soviets
• Secret Atomic technology leaked through spies

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Warnings are Given

• Winston Churchill, Westminster College, Fulton,
  MO March 5, 1946
• From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
  Continent . . . What they desire is the fruits of
  war and the indefinite expansion of their power
  and doctrines.
• George Kennan-diplomat in Russia- we need to
  Contain spread of communism
• Dean Acheson-under Secretary of State-World
  domination is Communists goal

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Like Apples in a barrel infected by one rotten
one, the corruption of Greece would infect Asia,
Africa and Europe-Acheson
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Truman Doctrine Sets up Cold War

• U.S. provides 300M military aid to Greece and
  100M to Turkey
• US forces sent to train and oversee
• to support free peoples who are resisting
  attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by
  outside pressure . . . We must assist free people
  to work out their own destinies in their own
  way-TRUMAN DOCTRINE

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Marshall Plan Enacted(aka ERP, Point Four)

• Need to Contain spread of communism
• War Torn Europe cannot recover w/o help
• Poverty, starvation, and unemployment breeds
  desperation
• Desperation is Communist Dictators best friend
• 12 Billion spent in Western Europe to save
  Democracy
• Russia w/her satellite nations declined
  invitation to participate
• Nuremberg Trials/Japanese Trials

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Trumans Domestic Policies

• GI Bill
• Money for wounded and disabled veterans
• Money for unemployed vets
• Money for cheap mortgages
• Money for college tuition or technical training
• Preference for civil servant jobs

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Taft-Hartley Act

• Congress tries to curb union power
• Outlawed closed shops (had to be dues-paying
  members of a union to be hired)
• Cooling off period 60 days w/o strike or
  lockout if public safety involved
• Truman vetoed bill but it passed anyway

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Trumans Version of New Deal is The Fair Deal

• Congress and President dont see eye to eye
• Cut in taxes benefits wealthy Truman vetoes,
  Congress overrides
• President wants programs to help farmers, Social
  Security, public housing, education, civil rights
  all vetoed by Congress
• Limits President to 2 terms
• Changes succession of President to VP, Speaker,
  Senate Leader, then cabinet members

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Germany Divided
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Berlin Divided
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Berlin Blockade

• Soviets put pressure on Germany to avoid help
  from West by blocking access to West Berlin
• Truman responds by airlifting goods
• 4000 tons per day
• Flights lasted over a year

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Berlin Wall Built 1961
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Built to Avoid Brain Drain East to West
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Checkpoint Charlie
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One Way in or Out
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1989 Wall Come Tumbling Down
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NATO Alliance Signed
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WARSAW PACT Signed
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New Red Scare Communist Conspiracy to take
over US

• Widespread loyalty check of all federal
  employees 3M cleared, 3000 resigned, 300
  dismissed for suspicions
• House UnAmerican Committee (HUAC) held hearings
  Richard Nixon actively led activities
• Blacklists in movies, TV, entertainment
• Alger Hiss, career diplomat, accused of spying by
  career spy Whittaker Chambers, found guilty of
  perjury-Pumpkin Papers
• Rosenbergs sentenced to death for spying

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Americans Fear Ambitious Politician Joe McCarthy

• Accuses State Dept employees of
  disloyalty/communism
• Holds witchhunt hearings to testify
• Guilty until proven innocent
• McCarthyismaccusations w/o proof

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Communism Goes Global

• Mainland China falls to Communist Mao Zedong
• US backed ally Chiang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan
  off the coast of China
• Another blow to democracy

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Korea Falls Too

• During WWII, Russian troops entered Northern
  Korea to free them from Japanese rule
• Southern Korea freed by American troops
• Soviets prevented elections in North
• Elections held in South, Syngman Rhee, Harvard
  and Princeton trained won
• Rhee announced plan to free the North
• Soviets invade South
• UN forces led by MacArthur

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North Korea captures Seoul
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North Korea Pushes Troops to Pusan
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UN Troops Push Back to China Border
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Chinese Fight Back, Capture Seoul
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Truman vs MacArthur

• North and South at a 2-year stalemate
• MacArthur wants to invade China to end aggression
• Truman disagrees, fearing WWIII
• UN Troops wage attack and recapture Seoul
• MacArthur disobeys Supreme Commander
• Against public opinion, Truman fires MacArthur

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Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.
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First Time Troops are Integrated
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Korea The Forgotten War

• 54,000 American lives, 67 billion
• Cease fire talks yield no material gains
• Demilitarized zone at 38th parallel exactly
  where the border dispute began