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Revolutions Revolts New Governments

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The American Revolution (1776) Spurred by Locke's ideas of ' ... Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 ... The next day, staged a coup d'etat & became dictator ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Revolutions Revolts New Governments


1
Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments!
  • 1750-1914

2
Enlightenment Revolutions
  • Commonalities? Contrasts?

3
The Enlightenment Ideals
  • The two-prong rallying cry?
  • Origins?
  • Spread?
  • Ramifications?

4
The American Revolution (1776)
  • Spurred by Lockes ideas of life, liberty, and
    private property.
  • Changed it to be life, liberty, and the pursuit
    of happiness
  • Instituted by the emergent middle class

5
The French Revolution (1789)
  • Corruption of absolute monarchs
  • The Old Regime (ancien regime) social classes
    into 3 estates
  • 1st clergy, 1 of population, controlled 10of
    land, paid no taxes
  • 2nd landed nobility, 2 of population,
    controlled 20 of land, minimal taxes
  • 3rd remainder of French citizenry 97 of
    population merchants, laborers, peasants
    heavily taxed leadersartisans merchants
    (bourgeoisie)

6
Recipe for disaster
  • Extravagance of Louis XVI nearly bankrupted
    France
  • May 1789, forced meeting of the Estates-General
    (French assembly)1st time in 175 years
  • Traditionally, each estate 1 vote
  • The bourgeoisie called for a change 1 vote per
    delegate
  • denied

7
The National Assembly is formed
  • The 3rd Estate formed the National Assembly due
    to denial
  • Met in a tennis court where pledged to write a
    new constitution (Tennis Court Oath)
  • New govt constitutional monarchy
  • 1791constitution completed, Legislative Assembly
    formed?formed 3 factions w/in

8
Revolution Begins!
  • Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
  • The Great Fear begins, with the burning of
    feudal manors
  • October 1789, Parisian women riot over price of
    bread demand Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
    leave Versailles and go to Paris

9
Declaration of Rights of Man
  • Issued by National Assembly, 1789
  • All men are born equal
  • All enjoy the natural rights of liberty,
    property, security, and resistance to oppression
  • No reference to rights of women Olympe de Gouges
    (1791) wrote Declaration of Rights of Women not
    accepted guillotined later

10
Fall of Monarchy
  • 1792, Legislative Assembly dissolved,
    establishing a National Convention
  • Abolished the limited monarchy
  • Established a republic, September 1792
  • Male citizens given right to vote
  • Controlled by the Jacobins, inc. Marat and Danton
  • January 1793, executed Louis XVI

11
Reign of Terror
  • Maximilien Robespierre, head of Committee of
    Public Safety
  • Executed alleged enemies of the republic
  • Marie Antoinette
  • Marat and Danton, former leaders of the Jacobins
  • Ended in 1794 w/ guillotining of Robespierre
  • 1795-1799 The Directory

12
Napoleons Rise to Power
  • Chosen to lead the army, November 1799
  • The next day, staged a coup detat became
    dictator
  • Established peace treaties w/ the 2nd Coalition
    (GB, Austria, Russia)
  • National bank equalized taxes public school
    system
  • Napoleonic Code
  • equality of all adult men
  • patriarchal family
  • no property rights of women
  • restricted freedoms of press speech
  • reinstated slavery in the Caribbean

13
Fall of Napoleon
  • 1812, his empire controlled most of Europe
  • 3 fatal errors
  • Blockade against Great Britain (1806)
  • Peninsular War against Spain(1808-1813)
  • Invasion of Russia in winter of 1812
  • 1814, forced to abdicate throne
  • to Elba
  • March 1815, returned and reestablished power
  • Battle of Waterloo, June 1815, banished to St.
    Helena

14
Congress of Vienna, 1815
  • Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France
    met in Vienna to create stability in Europe
  • To guard against future revolutions, set up a
    series of alliances requiring nations to come to
    aid each other lest war erupt

15
Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna
  • Goals
  • Establish lasting peace stability
  • Prevent future French aggression
  • Restore balance of power
  • Restore royal families to their thrones
  • Actions
  • Formed the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  • German Confederation
  • Independence of Switzerland recognized
  • Required France to return Napoleons conquered
    areas, but kept France a power

16
Results of the Congress of Vienna
  • Conservatives regain governmental control
  • Colonial Latin American governments declared
    their independence
  • Power of France diminished power of Great
    Britain and Prussia increased
  • Encouraged growth of nationalism

17
The Haitian Revolution, 1791
  • 1st Latin American territory to assert
    independence Fr. Colony, Saint Dominique
  • Population composed primarily of African slaves,
    controlled tightly by minority slaveholders?90
    of population was slaves

18
Vive la revolucion!
  • August 1791, African priest called for revolution
  • 100,000 slaves revolted
  • Toussaint LOuverture emerged as a leader
  • Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to squelch the revolt
  • 1802, lured onto French ship to sign an agreement
    for independence, and taken to France against his
    will
  • Died in France, 1803

19
Haiti is born
  • Dessalines continued the struggle
  • Haiti declared its independence, January 1,1804
  • Dessalines declared self dictator for life
  • 1st colony in which slaves gained freedom from
    Europeans

20
Latin American Revolutions
  • Are they based on Enlightenment ideals?

21
Social Classes in Latin America
  • Rigidly stratified
  • Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Africans
    mulattos, Indians
  • 1808, Napoleon replaced Spanish king w/ his
    brono Creole or Peninsular loyalty to the crown
  • 1810 rebellion emerged

22
Independence for Spanish colonies
  • Leaders of S.A. independence
  • Simon Bolivar, creole from Venezuela
  • Jose de San Martin, from Argentina
  • Simon Bolivar, the Liberator

23
Simon Bolivar
  • Studied Enlightenment philosophies
  • Educated, visited Europe the United States of
    America
  • Dreamed of creating a strong nation, called Gran
    Colombia
  • 1821, led Venezuela to independence
  • Went to Ecuador, met w/ San Martin
  • 1816, achieved Argentine independence
  • Freed Chile in 1818
  • 1822, in command of revolutionary forces
  • Battle of Ayacucho, December 1824, remaining
    Spanish colonies to independence

24
Simon Bolivars hopes
  • Wanted greater prosperity for Latin America after
    independence
  • Reality
  • Destruction of cities, fields
  • Economic devastation due to trade disruption
  • Gran Colombia United Provinces of Central
    America divided into smaller national states w/in
    a few years
  • Continual Creole rule (Evo Morales, Bolivia)

25
Independence for Mexico
  • Initiated by mestizos, rather than the creole
  • September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo
    encouraged rebellion against Spain
  • March of mestizos Indians on Mexico City
    creole class ( Spanish) defeated Hidalgo in 1811
  • Father Jose Maria Morelos took over revolution
    until defeated in 1815
  • 1821 Mexico achieved independence from Spain,
    Treaty of Cordoba

26
The Mexican Revolution
  • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna served as president 4
    times
  • Lost Texas a border dispute with the US
  • Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ended Mexican War
  • Benito Juarez (Indian) came to power in mid-19th
    C (deposed by Santa Anna in 1853)

27
Benito Juarez
  • First term
  • Redistributed land
  • Increased educational opportunities
  • Maintained sep of church state
  • Returned to power in 1861
  • French takeover of Mexico in 1862 Austrian
    archduke Maximilian ruled as puppet emperor
  • 1867, resumed presidency
  • Encouraged foreign trade
  • Construction of railroads

28
Porfirio Diaz
  • 1876, rose to power
  • Authoritarian ruler of Indian descent
  • Built banks railroads encouraged foreign
    investment
  • Land distributed unevenly industrial workers had
    low wages poor working conditions
  • Formation of new political parties

29
Beginnings and End of Revolution
  • Francisco Madero (elite class), educated in US
    France believed in democracy
  • Exiled to US by Diaz, called for revolution
  • Leaders Emiliano Zapata Francisco Pancho
    Villa

30
More Mex. Revolution
  • Marked by years of frequent assassinations and
    leadership changes
  • Ended with murder of Zapata in 1919, by the hands
    of Carranza, one of the leaders of the revolution

31
Effects of the Mexican Revolution
  • Revised Mexican constitution
  • Promoted
  • Land reforms
  • Workers rights
  • Education
  • Legal rights granted to women (such as initiating
    lawsuits)
  • New political party, Institutional Revolutionary
    Party, came to power in 1929, dominated 20th
    Century

32
Colonial Latin America, 1500-1750
33
The World in 1914
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