The French Revolution and Napoleon, 17891815

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The French Revolution and Napoleon, 17891815
Chapter Overview
Time Line
Revolution Threatens the French King
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SECTION
MAP
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
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SECTION
Napoleon Forges an Empire
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SECTION
Napoleons Empire Collapses
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SECTION
The Congress of Vienna Convenes
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SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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The French Revolution and Napoleon, 17891815
Revolution leads to the overthrow and execution
of the French king. After a period of
instability, Napoleon takes control of France and
of most of Europe. Napoleons thirst for power
leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft
a lasting peace.
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The French Revolution and Napoleon, 17891815
Time Line
1789 Storming of the Bastille ignites the French
Revolution.
1796 Napoleon defeats Frances enemy, Austria.
1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor.
1793 King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine.
1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory through a
coup détat.
1815 Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of
Waterloo the Congress of Vienna creates five
great powers in Europe.
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
Key Idea
Members of the Third Estate demand a more
representative government. The fall of the
Bastille and the kings removal from Versailles
signal the beginning of the French Revolution.
Overview
Assessment
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
Overview
Old Regime estate Louis XVI Marie
Antoinette Estates-General National
Assembly Tennis Court Oath Great Fear
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Economic and social inequalities in the Old
Regime helped cause the French Revolution.
Throughout history, economic and social
inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt
against their governments.
Assessment
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the causes of the French
Revolution.
desire for privileges
gap between rich poor
Enlightenment ideas
heavy taxes
poor leadership
government debt
poor harvest high bread prices
continued . . .
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
1
Section
Assessment
2. Do you think that changes in the French
government were inevitable? THINK ABOUT
the leadership of Louis XVI
the French national debt
Enlightenment ideas
other world revolutions
ANSWER
continued . . .
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
1
Section
Assessment
3. How were the economic conditions in France
similar to or different from those in England and
the American colonies before their revolutions?
THINK ABOUT
Frances three estates
the role of taxation
Frances national debt
conditions in England before the Civil War
conditions in the colonies before the American
Revolution
ANSWER
continued . . .
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Revolution Threatens the French King
MAP
End of Section 1
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Key Idea
The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal
divisions. The king is executed, and Robespierre
inaugurates the Reign of Terror. A third
constitution puts power in the hands of the upper
middle class.
Overview
Assessment
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Overview
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The revolutionary government of France made
reforms but also used terror and violence to
retain power.
Some governments that lack the support of a
majority of their people still use terrorism to
control their citizens.
Assessment
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the main events that occurred
after the creation of the Constitution of 1791.
Assembly creates a constitution.
War with Austria begins when Austria offers
support for Louis XVI.
War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule
Paris.
King is executed.
Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the
government.
Terror ends as moderates gain control.
continued . . .
continued . . .
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
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Section
Assessment
2. After the French rejected the kings absolute
control, they struggled to create a more
democratic government. However, in 1793,
Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this
to happen? THINK ABOUT
the political climate prior to Robespierres
rule
the need for a leader
Robespierres personality
ANSWER
War, economic problems, and struggling political
factions caused confusion. People needed
stability and leadership. Robespierres strong
personality filled the vacuum.
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
Key Idea
A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, becomes
emperor of France and assumes broad powers.
Through military victories, he establishes
mastery over most of Europe.
Overview
Assessment
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
Overview
Napoleon Bonaparte coup d'état plebiscite
lycée concordat Napoleonic Code Battle of
Trafalgar
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, seized
power in France and made himself emperor.
In times of political turmoil, military dictators
often seize control of nations, as in Haiti in
1991.
Assessment
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Describe the events leading to the
crowning of Napoleon as emperor of France.
French Revolution breaks out.
New constitution gives Napoleon all real
power.
Napoleon wins many victories.
Napoleon defeats royalist rebels.
Napoleon seizes power from the
Directory.
Napoleon crowned emperor.
continued . . .
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
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Section
Assessment
2. There is an old question Do the times make
the man, or does the man make the times? In your
opinion, was Napoleon the creator of or the
creation of his times? THINK ABOUT
the government after the Terror
Napoleons defense of France
Napoleons popularity
ANSWER
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Napoleon Forges an Empire
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Section
Assessment
3. To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to
deal with forces both inside and outside the
French Empire. In your judgment, which area was
more crucial to control? THINK ABOUT
the length of the period of civil unrest in
France
the power and activities of the other European
nations
ANSWER
End of Section 3
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Napoleons Empire Collapses
Key Idea
Napoleon makes political and military mistakes as
he tries to increase his power. He is defeated,
returns, is defeated again, and finishes his life
in exile.
Overview
Assessment
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Napoleons Empire Collapses
Overview
blockade Continental System guerrilla
Peninsular War scorched-earth policy
Waterloo Hundred Days
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Napoleons conquests aroused nationalistic
feelings across Europe and contributed to his
downfall.
In the1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed
to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia.
Assessment
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Napoleons Empire Collapses
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Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List Napoleons three disastrous
mistakes and the effects that each one had on his
empire.
Continental System
Weakening of France
Peninsular War
Great loss of life and prestige
Russian invasion
Loss of much of army
continued . . .
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Napoleons Empire Collapses
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Assessment
2. What were the main reasons people in other
European countries resisted Napoleon? THINK ABOUT
why some of his own allies refused to abide by
the Continental System
why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for
several years
why the Russians destroyed their own crops and
cities
ANSWER
End of Section 4
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
GRAPH
Key Idea
Following the plan of Metternich, the Congress of
Vienna reestablishes stability in Europe after
the defeat of Napoleon.
Overview
Assessment
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
GRAPH
Overview
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the
Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and
reestablish peace.
International bodies such as the United Nations
play an active role in trying to maintain world
peace and stability today.
Assessment
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the ways in which the three main
goals of Metternichs plan at the Congress of
Vienna solved a political problem.
French aggression
Surrounding France with strong countries
Power struggles between countries
Creating a balance of power so that no country
can dominate others
Lack of legitimate leaders
Restoring royal families to their thrones
continued . . .
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
GRAPH
5
Section
Assessment
2. From Frances point of view, were the
decisions made at the Congress of Vienna fair?
THINK ABOUT
Metternichs three goals
Frances loss of territory
the fears of the rest of Europe
ANSWER
continued . . .
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes
GRAPH
5
Section
Assessment
3. Why do you think liberals and conservatives
differed over who should have power? THINK ABOUT
Old Regime privileges
attitudes toward change
Enlightenment ideas
ANSWER
End of Section 5