Green Design

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Green Design
6.0 Introduction

• The cornerstones of green design are
• Save energy
• Use less material
• Lengthen service life
• Recycle more

• Green design is an approach that consider the
  complete life cycle of a product from extraction
  of raw materials through manufacture and use to
  final disposal.

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Green Design
Use waste as a resource Diversify and cooperate
to fully use the habitat Gather and use energy
efficiently Optimize rather than maximize Use
materials sparingly Dont pollute their
environment Dont exhaust resources Maintain
homeostasis in the biosphere Operate by using
information Use local resources
Survival strategies of organisms in a mature
ecosystem.
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Green Design
6.1 Global Pollution

• Public resistance to landfills has led to the
  word NIMBY-Not In My Back Yard!

• Industrial wastes typically have a much greater
  environmental impact than municipal waste.

• Environmental pollution is the discharge of
  waste products into the environment.

• Environmental pollution affects the air, water,
  and soil.

• Pollution reduction will involve cooperation
  between engineers, scientists, and legislators.

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Green Design

• Pollution at the dawn of the twenty-first
  century assumes several forms.
• air pollution by gases and particulates
• water pollution by contaminants from sewerage
  systems, industrial effluent, and agricultural
  runoff and from solid wastes in domestic
  landfills and the spoil heaps associated with
  mining operations
• soil pollution from the inappropriate use of
  fertilizers and pesticides
• noise pollution from transportation systems and
  industrial complexes
• radiation pollution from electronic devices and
  radioactive materials

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Green Design

• A major global environmental concern is global
  warming.

• ISO 14000 is a global standard for a companys
  environmental management system and product
  certification.

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Green Design
6.2 Green design

• The task is to establish rules that promote
  products that impose a reduced durden upon the
  environment
• during the extraction of raw materials from
  which the product will be made
• during the manufacture of the product
• during the distribution to the consumer
• during the disposal of the product

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Green Design
The primary attributes of green design.

• Minimize energy consumption
• Minimize use of materials
• Minimize environmental damage
• Maximize product service life

The basic principles of green design.
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Green Design

• Use all materials efficiently.
• Select materials with minimal pollution
  qualities during their extraction, processing,
  deployment, recycling, and disposal.
• Use all energy sources efficiently.
• Ensure that product has minimal adverse effects
  on the environment during manufacture,
  deployment, and disposal.
• Undertake a comprehensive evaluation of product
  disposal methods.
• Ensure that the service life of the product is
  environmentally appropriate.

Fundamental principles of green design.
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Green Design
6.3 Materials Management

• Minimize waste generation during the life cycle
  of the product.
• Minimize waste during extraction of raw
  materials.
• Maximize recovery, recycling, and
  remanufacturing throughout the product service
  life.

• Material selection is a complex environmental
  problem because the source and processing of
  materials are just as important as their inherent
  properties and characteristics.

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Green Design

• The first principle of materials management is
  to reduce the amount of material used in a
  product.

• Compared to 20 years ago,
• pop cans weigh 30 less
• grocery bags weigh 70 less
• milk jugs weigh 40 less

• A second principle of materials management is to
  lengthen the service life of the product. How?
• Enhance maintenance protocols
• facilitate upgrades by modular designs

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Green Design

• A third principle of materials management is to
  specify recycled materials rather than virgin
  materials whenever possible.

• Design rules for recycling materials
• design for assembly
• design for disassembly
• practice parts consolidation
• use material identification codes

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Green Design

• Minimize the amount of material in each part.
• Lengthen the service life.
• Specify recycled materials where possible.
• Specify energy-efficient materials in
  manufacture and in service.
• Specify materials which pollute minimally during
  their extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal.
• Specify readily available materials which do not
  use declining natural resources.
• Specify materials which are not likely to be
  affected by new legislation that constrains their
  deployment, manufacture, or disposal.

Green design principles for materials management.
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Green Design
6.4 Energy Utilization

• The primary source of pollution and global
  warming is energy conversion.

• Electricity can be generated by fossil fuels such
  as
• coal
• gas
• oil

• Electricity can be generated by renewable
  resources such as
• geothermal energy
• wind
• waves
• solar energy
• hydroelectric energy

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Percentage of United States electric power
produced by each fuel source in 1996. (Source
Edison Electric Institute)
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Green Design
Labels for environmentally-friendly products
sponsored by several governments.
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Green Design

• A new generation of washing machines
• 50 less detergent
• 50 less water saves over 6000 gallons each year
  for an average househild
• lower water temperature
• less energy used
• less damage to the fabric of the clothes

• A new generation of energy-efficient products
  has been introduced which incorporates sensors
  and microprocessors to control performance.

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Green Design

• Automobile manufacturers must comply with
  environmental regulations imposed upon the
  exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of their
  products.

• Emissions from the current generation of
  American cars are 90 cleaner than they were
  three decades age.
• One-third of urban-area ozone is attributed to
  automobile emissions.

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Green Design

• Minimize energy consumption, perhaps by
  emoloying control systems to ensure efficient
  energy utilization.
• Minimize energy losses, perhaps by recovering
  waste heat and other forms of energy.
• Select sustainable fuel sources rather than
  fossil fuels where appropriate.
• If a fossil fuel must be employed in a product,
  then determine the potential for a reduction of
  cost-effectiveness due to new pollution
  legislation or taxation.

Design principles for energy utilization.
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Green Design
6.5 Life Cycle Implications

• Product life cycle
• extraction of raw materials
• processing of raw materials
• design and manufacture
• service life
• disposal of product

• Service life is the time during which a product
  complies with its design specification.
• It is governed by
• technological developments
• maintenance protocols
• new styles
• new features

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Green Design
6.6 Recycling

• Minimize the variety of materials in a product.
• Specify compatible materials.
• Consolidate parts.
• Reduce the number of assembly operations.
• Simplify and standardize the fits between parts.
• Identify the separation points between parts.
• Specify water-soulble adhesives whenever
  possible.
• Use a material identification scheme on parts to
  simplify separation.

Design principles for design-for-disassembly.
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Green Design
Aluminum 95 Copper
85 Plastics 80 Iron and steel
74 Lead 65 Paper
64 Zinc
60
Energy savings from using recycled rather than
new materials. (Source Institute of Scrap
Recycling Industries, Inc.)
Steel 50 Copper
43 Aluminum 32 Lead
55 Zine 19
Percentage of U.S. annual metal consumption
derived from recycled metals. (Source Institute
of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc.)
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Green Design
97 reduction in mining waste 90 reduction
in consumption of virgin materials 86
reduction in air pollution 76 reduction in
water pollution 74 reduction in energy
consumption 40 reduction in water consumption
The environmental benefits of recycled iron and
steel scrap. (Source Institute of Scrap
Recycling Industries, Inc.)
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Green Design

• Minimize the number of different materials in a
  product.
• Select materials with recycling in mind.
• Ensure that materials can be readily reclaimed
  by recycling.
• Make it easy to disassemble the product and
  isolate materials.
• Mark each part with a code that identifies the
  material from which it was made.

Green design principle for material recycling.
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Green Design

• Does the product have an environmentally-optimal
  life cycle?
• Is repair and maintenance documentation
  user-friendly?
• Can the life of the product be extended by
  replacing of old parts with new and possibly
  improved parts?
• Are parts manufactured from remanufactured or
  readily recyclable materials?
• Are inherent weaknesses of the product
  identified and corrected to prevent premature
  failure?
• Is the product designed for ease of disassembly
  to facilitate remanufacture or recycling of
  parts?
• Are all potential hazards associated with the
  product at the end of its service life identified
  and addressed?

Green design principles for extending the product
service cycle.