Unit 2 Electrons and Periodic Behavior Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net

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Unit 2 Electrons and Periodic BehaviorCartoon
courtesy of NearingZero.net
Chapter 4 Arrangement of electrons in atoms
Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net
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4-1 Properties of Light

• Electromagnetic radiation-is a form of energy
  that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travel
  through space.
• Examples x-rays, UV, infrared light, microwaves,
  radio waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum all electromagnetic
  radiation, arranged according to increasing
  wavelength.

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• Spectroscopic analysis of the visible
  spectrumproduces all of the colors in a
  continuous spectrum
• Continuous spectrum- spectrum in which all
  wavelengths within a given range are included.

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Speed of Light

• C v
• C speed of light
• 3.0 x 1010 cm/s
• 3.0 x 108 m/s
• wavelength (m)
• v frequency (Hz)

Crest
Trough
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• Photoelectric effect- is the emission of e- by
  certain metals when light shines on them

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• E h v
• E energy
• h Plancks constant (6.626x10-34 J.S)
• v frequency
• Quantum is a finite quantity of energy that can
  be gained or lost by an atom.
• 1 quantum 1 photon

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• Ground state is the state of lowest energy
  (stable)
• Excited state has higher potential energy. Emits
  light.
• Example Neon lights

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Wave-Particle Duality

• JJ Thomson won the Nobel prize for describing the
  electron as a particle.
• His son, George Thomson won the Nobel prize for
  describing the wave-like nature of the electron.

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4-2 The Quantum Model of the Atom

• Quantum Numbers
• Each electron in an atom has a unique set of 4
  quantum numbers which describe it.
• Principal quantum number
• Angular momentum (orbital) quantum number
• Magnetic quantum number
• Spin quantum number

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Principal Quantum Number

• Generally symbolized by n, it denotes the shell
  (energy level/shell) in which the electron is
  located.

n1
n2
n3
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Angular Momentum Quantum Number

• The angular momentum quantum number, generally
  symbolized by l, denotes the orbital (subshell)
  in which the electron is located (s,p,d,f).

l 0 s
l 2 d
l 1 p
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1s
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Magnetic Quantum Number

• The magnetic quantum number, generally symbolized
  by m, denotes the orientation of the electrons
  orbital with respect to the three axes in space
  (x,y,z). Have to split up p, d, f orbitals.

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Spin Quantum Number

• Spin quantum number denotes the behavior
  (direction of spin) of an electron within a
  magnetic field.
• Possibilities for electron spin 1/2 or -1/2

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4-3 Electron Configurations

• Electron configuration is the arrangement of
  electrons in an atom.
• Aufbau Principle states an electron occupies the
  lowest-energy orbital that can receive it.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle
No 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same
4 quantum s
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Hunds Rule

• States that orbital of equal energy are each
  occupied by 1 electron before any orbital is
  occupied by a 2nd electron. Fill in all the up
  arrows first.

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Lewis-Dot Notation

• A notation in which only the valence shell
  electrons of the atom are represented.

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Electron-Configuration Notation
(O)
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Orbital Notation
x y z
x y z
x y z
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Noble Gas Notation

• Is a shorthand configuration. Use the noble gas
  before the element and then continue with the
  electron-configuration notation.
• Li (He)2s1
• Al (Ne) 3s23p1

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Work Cited

• Aufbau principle chart and electron-configuration
  of O. Drawings. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//people.uis.edu/gtram1/organic/introduction/
  intro.htm
• Oxygen Lewis Dot. Drawing. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//edweb.tusd.k12.az.us/Secrist/teachers/rjone
  s/what_we_have_accomplished_in_the.htm
• Wavelength diagram and prism diagram Pictures.
  Aug. 7, 2006. http//eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/
  HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter02/P03.h
  tml
• Orbital Notations. Drawings. Aug, 7, 2006.
  http//www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/grandinetti/t
  eaching/Chem121/lectures/periodic20trends/ionizat
  ion_energy.html
• xyz axis. Drawing. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech
  /Struct05.htm
• Electron shape chart. Chart. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech
  /Struct05.htm
• spd orbitals. Drawing. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/
  bp/ch6/quantum.html

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• Atom. Drawing. Aug. 7, 2006. http//bioweb.wku.e
  du/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Exam1/Quiz1/quiz1.htm
• Periodic Table. Drawing. Aug. 7,
  2006.http//www.epcc.edu/faculty/victors/elconfig.
  htm
• Route 66 sign. Photo. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//www.lightgod.com/led.asp?catid865
• Neon Sign. Photo. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//www.neon-signage.com/
• Photo electric effect. Picture. Aug. 7, 2006.
  http//www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/le
  ctures/quantum/photoelectric.html
• S,P,D,F blocks on periodic table. Drawing. Aug.
  8, 2006. http//wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Str
  uct/EPeriod/Struct09.htm
• Wolfgang Pauli. Photo. Aug. 8, 2006.
  http//www.homeoint.org/dynamis/synchro.htm

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• Na and Cl lewis dot struture. Drawing. Aug 8,
  2006. http//www.d94.org/science/carrow/chemistry/
  interactions/calendar/notes/lewis.htm
• Information. Aug 6, 2006. http//www.sciencegeek.n
  et/Chemistry/Powerpoint/Unit2/Unit2_files/frame.ht
  m
• Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Modern Chemistry.
  Harcourt Brace Company. 1999.