The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism, 18001870

1
The Beginnings of ModernizationIndustrialization
and Nationalism, 1800-1870
18
2
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact

• Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
• Agricultural growth
• Population growth
• Able to produce goods cheaply
• Changes in Textile Production
• Flying shuttle
• James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768
• Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787
• James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782
• Cotton textile production

3
The Industrialization of Europe by 1850
4
Other Technological Changes

• Iron Industry
• Henry Cort, puddling
• Railroad
• Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive
• George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
• Ripple effect
• Prices of goods fall markets grow larger
  increased sales mean more factories and
  machinery thus, self-sustaining
• The Industrial Factory
• Workers in shifts
• Workers come from rural areas
• Regulations

5
Spread of Industrialization

• Spread to Europe first
• Government role
• United States
• Internal transportation
• Labor

6
Limiting the Spread of Industrializationto the
Rest of the World

• Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled
  by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep
  peasants in serfdom
• India exported cotton cloth produced by hand
  labor
• Purchase British-made goods

7
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

• Population Growth and Urbanization
• European population 140 million in 1750 and 266
  million by 1850
• Decline of death rate
• Increased food supply
• Growth of cities
• Poor living conditions
• Sanitation poor
• New Social Classes The Industrial Middle Class
• New bourgeois
• Constructed the factories, purchased the
  machines, figured out where the markets were
• Reduce the barriers between themselves and the
  landed elite
• New Social Classes The Industrial working class
• Poor working conditions
• Women and children

8
Reaction and Revolution The Growth of
Nationalism

• Conservative Order
• Vienna peace settlement, 1815
• Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
• Concert of Europe
• Forces for Change
• Liberalism
• Protection of civil liberties
• Guaranteed by a document
• Right to vote to men of property only
• Nationalism
• Common institutions, traditions, language, and
  customs
• Each nationality should have a government
• Becomes a threat to the existing order

9
The Revolutions of 1848

• France
• Agricultural depression, 1846
• Refusal to extend suffrage to the middle class
• King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown
  February 24, 1848
• Provisional government, call for universal male
  suffrage
• Second Republic established, November 4, 1848
• Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
  president
• Revolution in Central Europe
• The German Confederation
• Prussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861)
• Frankfurt Assembly hopes and failures
• Revolution in Austria in March, 1848
• Revolution in Italy

10
Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
11
Independence and the Development of the National
State in Latin America

• Nationalistic Revolts
• Creole elites denounced rule of Iberian monarchs
  and penisulars
• Napoleon Bonapartes victories over Spain and
  Portugal weakened their colonial empires, led to
  revolts, and enabled most of Latin America to
  become independent
• Mexico
• Divisions within Mexico
• Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico,
  1821
• South America
• José de San Martín (1783-1830)
• Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

12
Latin America in the First Half of the 19th C
13
The Difficulties of Nation Building

• Wars for independence resulted in loss of
  population, property, and livestock
• Disputes arose between nations over boundaries
• Latin America inexperienced republican
  governments
• Caudillos ruled by military force
• Economic independence but old trade patterns
  reemerged
• Landed elites maintained control over economic
  and social life
• Masses experienced dire poverty

14
Nationalism in the Balkans The Ottoman Empire
and the Eastern Question

• Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes
• Crimean War, 1853-1855
• Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia
• Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853
• Britain and France fear Russians would gain an
  advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854
• The Crimean War
• Treaty of Paris, 1855
• Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe
• Results of the war

15
National Unification and the National State
1848-1871

• The Unification of Italy
• Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
• Alliance with the French against Austria
• Peace settlement
• Piedmont gets Lombardy
• Other northern Italian states join Piedmont
• Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Red shirts
• Capture The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Land turned over to Pienmon
• King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
• New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861

16
The Balkans in 1830
17
The Unification of Italy
18
The Unification of Germany

• King William I (1861-1888)
• Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Realpolitik
• Schleswig and Holstein annexed after the defeat
  of Denmark in 1864
• Austro-Prussian War , 1866
• North German Confederation
• Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871
• January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named
  kaiser
• Made Second German Empire
• Affects of unification

19
The Unification of Germany
20
Nationalism and Reform The European National
State at Mid-Century

• Great Britain
• Reform Act of 1832
• Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s
• France
• Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870)
• Economic growth and development
• Reconstruction of Paris
• Opposition grew in 1860s
• Austria
• Problems of ethnic nationalism
• Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel
  Empire
• Russia
• Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
• Reforms

21
Growth of the United States

• Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)
• Jacksonian democracy
• Slavery
• Cotton economy of the South
• Northern fear that slavery would spread
• Abraham Lincoln and secession
• Civil War (1861-1865)
• War to save the Union
• Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

22
Emergence of a Canadian Nation

• Upper and Lower Canada
• Rebellions against the government
• United Provinces of Canada
• John Macdonald
• British North American Act, 1867

23
Cultural Life Romanticism and Realism

• Characteristics of Romanticism
• Interest in the past
• Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar
• Poetry ranked above all other forms
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
• Believed that nature served as a mirror
• Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings
• Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

24
A New Age of Science

• Technological advances
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -- germ theory
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- periodic law
• Acceptance of the scientific method
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -- organic evolution
  survival of the fit

25
Eugène Delacroix, Women of Algiers
26
Realism in Literature and Art

• Rejected Romanticism
• Ordinary characters from natural life
• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
• Madame Bovary
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Realistic portrayals of life
• The Stonebreakers

27
Discussion Questions

• What were the major ideas associated with
  conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism, and
  what role did each ideology play in Europe and
  Latin America between 1800 and 1870?
• What actions did Cavour and Bismarck take to
  bring about unification in Italy and Germany,
  respectively, and what role did war play in their
  efforts?
• What were the main characteristics of Romanticism
  and Realism?