Chia Laguna Sardinia

1
New Perspectives and Programs in Italy for
Advanced Applications of High Brightness Beams
Luca Serafini INFN-Milan and University of
Milan

• Genesis of a Program for an Italian Coherent
  X-ray Source Fasella Panel the PNR (Nat.
  Research Plan)
• The F.I.S.R. Call for Proposals (11 M) the
  Project SPARC _at_ LNF-INFN (9.5 M) is selected
• The F.I.R.B. Call (96 M ) the 2 Proposals
  SPARX (ENEA/CNR/INFN/Tor Vergata Un.) and
  Fermi_at_Elettra (INFM/ST) aiming at building a 1.5
  nm SASE-FEL

2
Why a Coherent X-ray Source in Italy ?
X-ray sources over the last 100 years
SASE-FELs will allow an unprecedented upgrade in
Source Brilliance
3
Covering from the VUV to the 1 Å X-ray spectral
range
4
This Ultra-Bright Coherent Radiation opens up
new Research Frontiers in several fields

• Atomic physics
• Plasma and warm dense matter
• Femtosecond chemistry
• Life science
• Single Biological molecules and clusters
• Imaging / holography
• Micro and nano lithography

X-rays are the ideal probe for determining the
structure of matter on the atomic and molecular
scale
5
Radiation properties of a 4th generation source
FELs
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What does it take to build a SASE X-ray FEL?
Electron Beam Energy 13 50 GeV Normalized
Emittance 1.6 mm-mrad Peak Current 5.0 kA Energ
y spread 2.5 MeV
TESLA-FELLinac - UndulatorParameters
Undulator Period 3 cm Undulator
Length 100 m Undulator Parameter 1.7
Wavelength 15 Å Peak Coherent
Power 37 GW Peak Brightness 8.3 1033 Average
Brightness 4.9 1025 photons/sec/mm2/mrad2/0.
1-BW
100 M ? 1 GInitiative
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In 1998 Three Crucial Aspects of this Scenario
drove the National Scientific Community and the
Italian Dept. of Research (M.U.R.S.T.) to
undertake a concrete initiative

• Funding Requirements and Man Power Requested for
  such a Program
• Strong and Wide Interdisciplinary Interest of
  National Res. Institutes (ENEA, CNR, INFN,
  INFM)
• Existence of Two Major Proposals in the Intern.
  Scenario (LCLS _at_ SLAC TESLA-FEL _at_ DESY)
  strongly linked to serious RD effort in the High
  Brightness Beam Field

8
A Strong Push from Arcidosso 2000
The 19th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on
Future Light Sources Physics and Science
with The X-ray Free-Electron Laser (Arcidosso,
Italy, September 10-15, 2000) C. Pellegrini and
M. Cornacchia

• The Italian Community gathers under the auspices
  of that scientific environment
• The real work starts to prepare a proposal
  (among others, A. Renieri, M. Ferrario, M.
  Mattioli, L. Palumbo, P. Perfetti, LS, G. DAuria)

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The Milestones

• 1998 - The Fasella Panel
• A panel lead by Paolo Fasella held a meeting in
  Sept. 1998 at the Nat. Res. Dept., focused on the
  realisation in Italy of a Ultra-high Brilliance
  X-ray Source among others (A.Renieri,
  P.Perfetti, E.Iarocci, P.Laurelli, G.Vignola, G.
  Margaritondo) C. Rubbia and Björn Wiik ,
  attending the meeting, strongly encouraged the
  preparation of a proposal to the Italian
  Government. Summaries of the meeting came out
  with serious recommendations to the Gov. to fund
  future initiatives in the field
• 2000 PNR (National Research Plan)
• The Italian Gov. responded by allocating 96 M
  for a
• Multi-purpose X-ray Laser with Ultra-High
  Brilliance
• 11 M for RD activity focused on SASE-FELs
  driven by High Brightness Electron Beams

10
The National Research Plan (PNR)

• Funded by 10 of the money raised in the
  Government Auction run in 2000 for Next Gen.
  Cellular Network licences (UMTS), it encompasses
  10 programs (Genoma, Nanotechnologies, X-ray
  laser, etc.) for a total of 1033 M .
• Large Infrastructures (a section of PNR) were
  foreseen for 2 initiatives 1) Multi-purpose
  X-ray Laser with Ultra-High Brilliance 96 M
  2) Center for the climate study of the
  Mediterranean 21 M aiming at driving
  and/or consolidating the development of european
  initiatives
• The Italian Gov. responded to the recommendation
  by the Fasella Panel National Research
  Institutions were supposed to prepare proposals
  67 M will cover the 70 of the budget
  (hardware). The additional 30(man power) has to
  be added by Institutions (or Collaboration)
  winning the call for proposals

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Two tools for funding the X-ray FEL
Program FISR (fondo integrativo speciale
ricerca) for RD FIRB (fondo investimenti ricerca
di base) for FEL

• FISR (Fondo Integrativo Speciale Ricerca)
• Call for proposals published in February 2001
• 11 M allocated for RD on
• Innovative components for high intensity VUV and
  X, coherent and incoherent multi-purpose sources
• Joint proposal by CNR-ENEA-INFN-Tor Vergata
  Univ.-INFM-ST for a 150 MeV ultrabrilliant
  photoinjector and a UV-SASE experiment

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TASKS

• INFN ultra-brilliant photoinjector at 150 MeV
  4.4 M
• Control the beam emittance
• Control the energy spread
• Compress the bunch-length by a factor gt5
• Explore the feasibility of the RF compressor
• ENEA undulator for SASE-FEL _at_ 520-150 nm
  (green-UV) 3.2 M
• Investigate the mechanism of High Order
  Harmonics generation
• CNR Optics for X-rays manipulation 1.3 M
• INFM Soft X-ray Source 0.6 M

The rev. committee selected the Project SPARC in
December 2001 with 85 allocation of the
requested budget (9.5 M vs. 11 M)
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150 MeV Photo-injector RD proposed at LNF
8 m
Frequency 2856 MHz Normal
Conducting GUN PARAMETERS LINAC PARAMETERS Peak
Field 120-140 MV/m (15 MW) Accelerating
Field 25-30 MV/m (50 MW) Solenoid Field 0.3
Tesla Solenoid Field 0.1 Tesla
Charge 1 nC Beam Energy
150 MeV Laser 10 ps x 1 mm
(Flat Top)
3 Major Components
14
courtesy of D. T. Palmer
10 copies of this gun operated routinely around
the world (USA, Japan) it holds the emittance
record
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Laser System
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Achieving Uniform Bunch Distributions using
Flat-Top Laser Pulses _at_ Sumitomo SHI FESTA
Temporal distributions of shaped UV laser pulses
by a X-ray streak camera
Square pulse shape
Gaussian pulse shape
Courtesy of F. Sakai

• The flatness of square-shaped laser pulse
• 525 _at_ 414 ps
  FWHM
• The fluctuation of shaped pulse length
• 7
  (pulse-to-pulse)_at_both shapes

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Achieving Record Emittances _at_ Sumitomo SHI
FESTA
Emittance measurements for gaussian and square
laser pulse shapes
pmm-mrad/nC
pmm-mrad
Gaussian(9ps) 1.850.13
0.830.05 Square (9ps) 0.920.05
0.810.03
The reduction of the linear space-charge
emittance for the square pulse shape
50.
Laser pulse length 9ps FWHM
Courtesy of F. Sakai
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S-band photoinjector up to 150 MeV, HOMDYN
simulation (RF Gun 2 Traveling Wave
Structures) Q1nC, L10ps, R1 mm, Epeak140
MV/m, TW Eacc 25 MV/m
Matching onto the Local Emittance Max. Ferrarios
working point, adopted by LCLS and TTF-FEL II
injectors
Final emittance 0.4 mm
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NEW CONCEPTS Velocity Bunching in
Photoinjectors i.e. Compression during
Acceleration

• Alternative option of bunch compression ? high
  brightness sub-ps beams (as needed by X-Ray SASE
  Fels)
• Compression is rectilinear (no Coherent Synch.
  Radiation effects), based on longitudinal
  focusing in slow RF waves
• Performed at low energy (10-80 MeV), fully
  integrated into the emittance correction process
  (for maximum brightness)

LS and M. Ferrario, AIP 581 (2001) 87
20
Velocity Bunching, an example on LCLS injector
Standard vc structure
Slow wave structure
Compression during acceleration
Current scaling with energy
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SPARC Project _at_ INFN-LNF Collab.
Among ENEA-INFN-CNR- Univ. Roma2-ST- INFM
C. Ronsivalle
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SPARC Linac located in an existing underground
Bunker_at_ LNF
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A view of the complex with Shielding Ground
removed
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A view of the complex with Shielding Ground and
building roof removed
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Bunker is available as of today with
utilitiesit needs to be cleaned up
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SPARC Lay-out
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SPARC Linac the Time Table
We are waiting for delivery of the funding to our
Institutions released by a Techn. Committee of
the Res. Department (MIUR)
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• FIRB (Fondo Investimenti Ricerca di Base)
• Call for proposals published in December 2001
• 96 M allocated for the realization of an
• Ultra-brilliant multi-purpose pulsed X-Rays
  Laser.
• SPARX proposal submitted on Feb. 26th 2002 by a
  collaboration among CNR-ENEA-INFN-Università di
  Roma Tor Vergata
• Fermi_at_Elettra proposal submitted by INFM
  Sincrotrone Trieste

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SPARX Study Group
CNR Avaldi L., Camilloni R. (I.M.I.P.-C.N.R.) Carb
one C., Colonna S., Cricenti A., De Padova I.P.,
Lagomarsino S., Ottaviani C., Perfetti P.,
Prosperi T., Quaresima C., Rossi Albertini V.,
Zema N. (I.S.M.-C.N.R.) Pifferi A.
(I.C.-C.N.R.) ENEA R. Bartolini, F. Ciocci, G.
Dattoli, A. Doria, F. Flora, G. P. Gallerano, L.
Giannessi, E. Giovenale, G. Messina, L. Mezi, P.
L. Ottaviani, L.Picardi, M. Quattromini, A.
Renieri e C. Ronsivalle. INFN D.Alesini,
S.Bertolucci, M. E. Biagini, C.Biscari, R.Boni,
M.Boscolo, M.Castellano, A.Clozza, G. Di Pirro,
A.Drago, A.Esposito, M.Ferrario, V.Fusco,
A.Gallo, A.Ghigo, S.Guiducci, M.Incurvati,
P.Laurelli, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, M. Migliorati,
C.Milardi, L.Palumbo, L.Pellegrino, M.Preger,
R.Ricci, C.Sanelli, F.Sgamma, B.Spataro,
A.Stecchi, A.Stella, F.Tazzioli, C.Vaccarezza,
M.Vescovi, V.Verzilov, C.Vicario, M.Zobov (INFN
/LNF) E. Acerbi, F.Alessandria, D.Barni,
G.Bellomo, C. Birattari, M.Bonardi, I.Boscolo,
A.Bosotti, F.Broggi, S.Cialdi, C.DeMartinis,
D.Giove, C.Maroli, P.Michelato, L.Monaco,
C.Pagani, V.Petrillo, P.Pierini, L. Serafini,
D.Sertore, G.Volpini (INFN /Milano) E.
Chiadroni, G. Felici, D. Levi , M. Mastrucci,
M.Mattioli, G. S. Petrarca (INFN /Roma1)
UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA TOR VERGATA S. Stucchi, D.
Flamini, C. Schaerf, L. Catani, A Cianchi, A.
Desideri, S. Morante, S. Piccirillo, N. Rosato,
V. Sessa, M.L. Terranova
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What can we do with 67 M (30 m.p.) ? Which
Linac for what FEL lr ?

• This is the first X-ray FEL initiative for which
  the Linac is not available or provided by other
  programs
• The study group decided to start a broad band
  investigation to compare different schemes and
  technologies
• The aim was to develop a program able to reach a
  wavelength range of interest (i.e. with a good
  scientific case), consistent with the available
  budget.
• As indicated by the Presidents of the
  collaborating Institutions, the project is meant
  to be evolutionary, that is compatible to a long
  term upgrade expected to reach the final goal of
  a 1 Å Coherent Radiation Source

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A good Scientific Case in the 10 nm Þ 1 nm
range High Peak Brightness ( gt 1030 )
Ultra-short (lt 100 fs) radiation pulses are of
great interest in various areas Steps at 10 nm
and 1.5 nm, paving the road toward 1 Å
l
L. Giannessi
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3D simulation with GENESIS
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Which technology for a 2.5 GeV Linac with long
term evolution toward 1 Å ?

• 2.5 GeV is consistent with l 1.5 nm
• l nm 1.5 Þ 1 Å
• I kA 2.5 Þ 3-5
• en mm 2(1) Þ _at_ 1
• Dg/g 0.1 Þ _at_ 0.07
• T GeV 2.5 Þ _at_ 10

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Examined two solutions
S-band Room-Temperature
1 GeV 700 A
150 MeV 700 A
2.5 GeV 2.5 kA
Magnetic Compressor
S-band Photoinector with RF Compressor RF Gun
4 SLAC TW
SLAC TW Acc. Structures
SLAC TW Acc. Structures
200 m
Eacc 18-20 MeV/m
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R5640 mm T1 GeV I700 -gt 2 kA
With RF compression
M. Ferrario
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L-band Super-Conducting
6 MeV 50 A
3 TESLA Criomodules
10 TESLA Criomodules
L-band RF Gun
M.C.
150 MeV 800 A
500 MeV 800 A
2.5 GeV 2.5 kA
S-band Photoinector with RF Compressor RF Gun
4 SLAC TW
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(S-band) en0.42 mm _at_ I 100 A
(L-band) en0.8 mm _at_ I 50 A
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L-band injector Linac
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Cost of a 1.5 nm source
Costs (in M) are expected to be restricted
to Linac 34 Undulators 10
Radiation beam lines 10
Contingency 13
Linacs Cost Estimates are L-band
Linac (Tesla type) 40 (injector
included) S-band Linac (Slac type) 32
(injector included)
Infrastructures 12.5 M (funding request subm.
to reg. gov.)
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Conclusions on SPARX

• The budget is consistent with the goal of 1.5
  nm
• We have an innovative solution for the Linac
  lay-out which appears to relax the criticality of
  beam compression
• We have identified two possible options
• S-band Linac is technologically simpler and less
  expensive
• L-band Linac with add. S-band injector requires a
  stronger effort and larger cost but offers more
  flexibility w.r.t. the evolution toward 1 Å.

• The facility can be built inside the
  TorVergata Campus

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FERMI_at_ELETTRA A Linac based Ultra-bright Photon
Source_at_ 3rd gen. Light Source site
The project is articulated along three lines of
development allowing gradual improvements and
consolidation of technologies
1) Use of the existing 1.0 GeV linac with a new
photoinjector and bunch compressor(s) for the
production of 40 nm radiation. Commissioning of
40 nm beamline after 2.5 years. Open to Users
after 3.5 years. 2) Use of the linac with
increased beam quality for a second beamline at
10 nm. Commissioning of beamline after 3.5 years.
Open to Users after 4.5 years. 3) Extension of
the linac to an operation energy of 3.0 GeV and
increased improvement of beam quality for the
production of 1.5 nm radiation. Done in parallel
with other developments. Commissioning after 5.5
years and open to Users after 6.5 years.
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Layout
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Associated Parameters
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Seeding
Seed schemes will be used at 40 and 10 nm,
permitting Stability Reproducibility Temporal
control For 1.2 nm the development, if possible,
of a seed scheme otherwise SASE
Various Seeding techniques are available High
Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) has been
considered
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG)
External laser matched to an undulator imprints
energy modulation Laser intensity must be
greater than shot power in first gain
lengths Leads to micro-bunching (optionally use
a dispersive section to enhance
micro-bunching) Micro-bunches contain higher
harmonics of laser wavelength Pass beam through
radiator The laser must be tuneable Use Ti
Sapphire Laser - 400 to 180 nm
W. Fawley
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG)
L.H. Yu
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA General Linac Upgrade
40 and 10 nm 1) Substitution of present gun with
a high brightness gun (photoinjector). 2) Installa
tion of one (or more) bunch compression
units. 3) Increase the repetition rate from 10 to
50 (100) Hz. 4) Revision of RF plants to
guarantee stability of amplitude and
synchronisation. 1.2 nm 5) Increased energy
(NC or SC) to 3.0 GeV with operational margin
(3.5 GeV) 6) Additional bunch compression
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Compression Schemes - 1.0 GeV
For 40 and 10 nm two possible schemes using
BNL/SLAC/UCLA 1.6 Cell photoinjector ( 6 to 7
MeV, 100 A, 2 mm-mrad normalised
emittance) Scheme A 1) 1.6 Cell BNL/SLAC/UCLA
photoinjector 2) longitudinal RF bunch
compression to 250 fs/0.6 kA
Scheme B 1) Use of full 150 MeV LCLS
photoinjector (1.6 Cell photoinjector Linac
0) 2) Off -crest acceleration along S0A and S0B
for energy chirping 3) Linearisation of bunch
charge using an X-band structure 4) Magnetic
compression at 150 MeV to 250 fs/0.6 kA
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Start to End Simulations (1.0 GeV)
Start to end simulations (M. Borland -
APS) Scheme B 1) Using output from LCLS parmela
run (courtesy of C. Limborg - SLAC) as input to
elegant 2) Start 0.5 Million particles (1 nC in
10 ps, normalised emittance doubled to 1.5 mm
mrad) 3) Energy chirping and X-band used to
linear distribution (minimises CSR) 4) Wake
fields included (courtesy of P. Emma -
SLAC) 5) Exact sinusoidal field
dependence 6) Non-linear terms in dipoles and
chromatic effects 7) CSR effects in all dipoles
accounted for
Results
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Start to End Simulations (3.0 GeV)
For 1.2 nm same initial configuration as for 10
nm with 1) Second magnetic compression between
1.0 and 1.6 GeV to reach 2.5 kA. 2) Energy
increase to 3.0 GeV Normal conducting solution
(36 x 3 m sections 9 RF plants) Superconducting
solution (15 TESLA cryomodules 5 RF plants)
Start to end simulations - M. Borland
(APS) Scheme A 1) 3.0 GeV 2) Second magnetic
compressor at 1.6 GeV
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FERMI_at_ELETTRA Undulator Hall Beam Transport
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CONCLUSIONS

• We expect the Research Department to nominate an
  International Review Committee soon
• The final decision of this committee is foreseen
  by the end of this year
• The Design of an Italian Coherent X-ray Source
  should start (somewhere in Italy) in 2003 with
  the aim to deliver a TDR in 2004

Thanks to C. Bocchetta, R. Boni, M. Ferrario,
L. Giannessi, D. Palmer, L. Palumbo, A. Renieri,
C. Ronsivalle, F. Sakai , C. Sanelli for useful
discussions and/or the material provided