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Introduction to Psychology

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Title: Introduction to Psychology


1
Introduction to Psychology
  • The science that studies the individual behaviour
    of humans and other animals

2
Definition
  • The science that studies the individual behaviour
    of humans and other animals
  • It is interested in the ways in which behaviour
    develops in the evolution of the species
  • In the growth of the individual in learning and
    problem solving and in motives that initiate,
    sustain and guide behaviour

3
Nature vs. Nurture
  • Nature refers to the biological make-up
    (genetic structure) that pre-determines attitude
    and behaviour. Innate behaviour and genetic
    influences are inherited from our biological
    parents. This behaviour occurs no matter where
    we grow up.
  • Nurture learned behaviour from growing up in a
    specific environment. Environmental and life
    experiences that shape our socialization, and
    hence behaviour

4
Psychological Theories
  • Behavioural the belief that virtually all the
    is the result of prior learning it is ones
    life experience that determines behaviour,
    thinking personality
  • Cognitive the act of thinking and acquiring
    knowledge, learning and other mental processes
    are the most part causes of behaviour. A shift
    in focus from strictly observable behaviour to
    internal processes
  • Socio-Cultural the study how the individual
    behaviour is effected by the behaviours or
    characteristics of others. How social roles
    norms of a particular culture effects an
    individuals behaviour

5
Psychological Theories cont
  • Humanistic theory that each individual strives
    for self actualization based on the way he/she
    perceives the world. Individuals are driven to
    achieve healthy growth or self-fulfillment unless
    they are thwarted somehow behaviour determined
    by the future
  • Eclectic to draw from and integrate parts of
    each theory (not one set specific theory). To
    draw from other fields of psychological thought
    and integrate into a new/personal thinking

6
Some Important Psychologists as a starting point.
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Alfred Adler
  • Carl Jung
  • Jean Piaget
  • Erik Erikson
  • Ivan Pavlov

7
Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939
  • Founder of Psychoanalysis the study of human
    thought patterns
  • Studies on Hysteria (1893) In this work the
    symptoms of hysteria were ascribed to
    manifestations of undercharged emotional energy
    associated with forgotten psychic traumas
  • The therapeutic procedure involved the use of a
    hypnotic state in which the patient was led to
    recall and reenact the traumatic experience, thus
    discharging by catharsis the emotions causing the
    symptoms.
  • In his clinical observations Freud found evidence
    for the mental mechanisms of repression and
    resistance.
  • He described repression as a device operating
    unconsciously to make the memory of painful or
    threatening events inaccessible to the conscious
    mind

8
  • Resistance is defined as the unconscious defense
    against awareness of repressed experiences in
    order to avoid the resulting anxiety.
  • He traced the operation of unconscious processes,
    using the free associations of the patient to
    guide him in the interpretation of dreams and
    slips of speech
  • The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). Here Freud
    analyzed many of his own dreams recorded in the
    3-year period of his self-analysis, begun in 1897
  • 1906, however, a small number of pupils and
    followers had gathered around Freud - William
    Stekel, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Abraham Brill,
    Eugen Bleuler, Carl Jung, Sándor Ferenczi Ernest
    Jones. By 1910 a split in the group had
    occurred
  • Freud created an entirely new approach to the
    understanding of human personality by his
    demonstration of the existence and force of the
    unconscious. In addition, he founded a new
    medical discipline and formulated basic
    therapeutic procedures that in modified form are
    applied widely in the present-day treatment of
    neuroses and psychoses.
  • Significant Findings
  • conscious vs. unconscious mind
  • ID (pleasure seeking), EGO (positive benefits),
    SUPEREGO (strives for perfection)
  • Dream analysis to understand personality
  • Theory that sexuality was a key to understanding
    personality
  • Founder of modern Psychoanalysis

9
Alfred Adler 1870 - 1937
  • Had originally worked Freud but left the group
    over the concept of personality being tied to
    sexuality
  • Adler concluded that need for power, not sexual
    fulfillment motivated people
  • He developed a therapy of individual psychology
    belief that all people were aware of the goals
    values that guided them
  • Introduced the concept of inferiority complex
    all people at some point in the lives feel
    inferior (example as children ) thus they try to
    compensate by seeking experiences that give them
    power - ie. Earning money, power over a spouse,
    over another person in a group

10
  • Adler argued that people were often maladjusted
    because they perused that were useless (to
    either themselves or society)
  • Adler believed that dreams were important in
    understanding personality similar to Freud
    except problems occurred from lack of self esteem
  • Freud believed that a negative sexual experience
    could lead to problems later in life
  • This was where Alder disagreed with Freud and he
    did extensive research in dreams as well
  • Adler broaden the field of psychology beyond the
    sexual influence sphere

11
Carl Jung 1875 - 1961
  • He too had worked with Freud and Alder at the
    turn of the century, split over personality
  • He developed the concepts of extroversion and
    introversion for the study of personality types
  • The extrovert is characteristically the active
    person who is most content when surrounded by
    people carried to the neurotic extreme such
    behavior appears to constitute an irrational
    flight into society, where the extrovert's
    feelings are acted out.
  • The introvert, on the other hand, is normally a
    contemplative individual who enjoys solitude and
    the inner life of ideas and the imagination
  • Jung originated the concept of four psychological
    functions sensation, intuition, thinking and
    feeling

12
  • Jung believed that an individuals personality
    type could be determined by which of the four
    functions dominated an individuals thoughts and
    actions
  • Jung did his own experiments with free
    association (Freud) and called it analytical
    psychology
  • A formal break with Freud came in 1914, however,
    when Jung's revolutionary work on the subject of
    the unconscious disagreed with the Freudian
    emphasis on sexual trauma as the basis for all
    neurosis, and on the literal interpretation of
    the Oedipus complex
  • Jung believed the human mind was made up of two
    parts personal unconscious and the collective
    unconscious
  • personal unconscious unique to the individual
  • collective unconscious common to all people,
    contained memories from our ancestors

13
Jean Piaget 1896 - 1960
  • Developmental Psychologist he was concerned
    with the way in which humans learn and the stages
    involved in the learning process
  • Using the test results from childrens work he
    found patterns in their answers
  • Children at the same age got the same questions
    wrong but also gave the same wrong answers
  • He concluded the ability to learn and apply logic
    were related to their age he believed that the
    differences in childrens capacity to learn and
    reason could be measured

14
  • Four Stages of Learning Piaget believed all
    healthy children experienced these stages at the
    same time, in the same order and at roughly the
    same time
  • Stage 1 Sensory-Motor period (birth to 2 yrs)
  • Stage 2 Pre-operational thought period ( 2 to 7
    yrs)
  • Stage 3 Concrete operational thought ( 7 11
    yrs)
  • Stage 4 Formal Operational thought ( 11 yrs)
  • Piaget would be considered a cognitive
    psychologist

15
Erik Erikson 1902 - 1994
  • Erikson was particularly interested in human
    development
  • He focused his work on the individual and the way
    he/she relates to society
  • He invented the term Identity Crisis to
    describe the conflict within us as we struggle to
    achieve our unique identity
  • All individuals would struggle to develop their
    identities and would suffer from an identity
    crisis as they did

16
  • Erikson is famous for his theory Eight stages of
    human development
  • According to his theory a normal human life (from
    infancy to old age) must resolve the a conflict
    of wants and expectations
  • How well each individual deals with the conflict
    at each level would determine their readiness to
    move onto the next level
  • The individual who has not resolved these
    conflicts will look back at life with a sense of
    lost opportunities therefore they may not
    develop a complete character

17
Ivan Pavlov 1849 - 1936
  • Was a trained medical doctor was interested in
    blood circulation digestion
  • The work that made Pavlov a household name in
    psychology actually began as a study in digestion
  • He was looking at the digestive process in dogs,
    especially the interaction between salivation and
    the action of the stomach.
  • He realized they were closely linked by reflexes
    in the autonomic nervous system

18
  • Pavlov wanted to see if external stimuli could
    affect this process, so he rang a metronome at
    the same time he gave the experimental dogs food
  • After a while, the dogs -- which before only
    salivated when they saw and ate their food --
    would begin to salivate when the metronome
    sounded, even if no food were present. In 1903
    Pavlov published his results calling this a
    "conditioned reflex
  • An innate reflex is different (ie. Pulling your
    hand away from a burning flame)
  • The dog had to learn to respond to the sound of
    the metronome instead of seeing the food
  • He also found that the conditioned reflex will be
    repressed if the stimulus proves "wrong" too
    often. If the metronome sounds repeatedly and no
    food appears, eventually the dog stops salivating
    at the sound

19
  • Pavlov was much more interested in physiology
    than psychology.
  • He looked upon the young science of psychiatry a
    little dubiously. But he did think that
    conditioned reflexes could explain the behavior
    of psychotic people
  • Pavlovs work redirected the study of psychology
    away from the study of the mind towards the study
    of observable behaviour
  • Pavlovs ideas played a large role in the
    behaviorist theory of psychology, introduced by
    John Watson around 1913
  • In 1904, he won the Nobel Prize in
    physiology/medicine for his research on digestion
  • Stimulus/response behaviour
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