e-Government and e-Governance

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e-Governmentande-Governance

• Phet Sayo
• Programme Specialist
• phet_at_apdip.net

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ICT IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENTPOTENTIAL OF ICT THE
PROMISE?

• Inclusion overcoming barriers of social,
  economic and geographical isolation
• Access - Increase access to information and
  education
• Provide opportunity to meet vital development
  goals such as poverty reduction, basic
  healthcare, and education.
• Potential of expanded economic growth,
  dramatically improved welfare, and stronger forms
  of democratic government.
• Source UNDP Human Development Report 2001

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ASIAN ICT STRATEGIESSNAPSHOT OF ICT STRATEGIES
BY GOVERNMENTS IN ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
Each nation has enacted a programme to help bring
their economies into the information age but with
varying approaches and degree of direct
involvement

• Singapore Infocomm 21 Master Plan
• Indonesia ICT Policy Framework Action Plan
• Malaysia National IT Agenda
• India IT Action Plan (IT for ALL by 2008)
• Korea Cyber Korea 21
• Hong Kong Digital 21 Strategy
• Philippines IT21
• Thailand IT2010
• Japan e-Japan Strategy

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ASIAN ICT STRATEGIESMAJOR COMPONENTS OF ASIAN
STRATEGIES
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Roles of National Government in an Information
Society

• Determine the polices and regulatory structures
• Deliver the programs and services of government
  to the citizen
• Use the information infrastructures to enhance
  the internal administrative practices
• Interface with citizens in the democratic process
  of government

Source UNPAN
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e-Governancevse-Government(Definitions)
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e-GOVERNANCEDEFINITION
E-governance is defined as the transformation of
(governance) processes (resulting from) the
continual and exponential introduction into
society of more advanced digital technologies.
E-governance focuses on how these new
technologies can be used to strengthen the
public's voice as a force to reshape the
democratic processes, and refocus the management,
structure, and oversight of government to better
serve the public interest. Source The National
Academy of Public Administration (USA)
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e-GOVERNANCEOUTCOMES

• New concepts of citizenship, in terms of needs
  and responsibilities allowing citizens to
  communicate with government
• Participating in the governments policy and
  decision-making processes
• Mobilizing resources
• Gauging responses to decisions
• Meeting the true needs and welfare of the
  citizens
• Enables new opportunities for development of new
  concepts of citizenship, rules for organizing,
  and regulating the democratic process

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e-GOVERNANCEPRINCIPLES

• New forms of governance rely on better
  information, consultation, and public
  participation as key elements for engaging
  citizens in policy-making, thereby tapping new
  sources of ideas, information, and resources when
  making decisions.
• Criteria for good governance universally accepted
  to be fully applied within each and every sphere
  of government and governance include
• Transparency and Openness
• Participation
• Accountability
• Effectiveness
• Coherence
• Regulatory frameworks

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e-GOVERNMENTDEFINITION
Defined broadly, e-government is the use of ICT
to promote more efficient and effective
government, facilitate more accessible government
services, allow greater public access to
information, and make government more accountable
to citizens. e-Government might involve
delivering services via the Internet, telephone,
community centers (self-service or facilitated by
others), wireless devices or other communications
systems. Source Roadmap for e-Government in the
Development World www.pacificcouncil.org/pdfs/e-go
v.paper.f.pdf
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Principles of e-Government

• Build services around citizens choices
• Make government and its services more accessible
• Facilitate social inclusion
• Provide information responsibly
• Use government resources effectively and
  efficiently

Source UK Government White Paper
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e-GOVERNMENT10 QUESTIONS
Source Roadmap for e-Government in the
Development World www.pacificcouncil.org/pdfs/e-go
v.paper.f.pdf

• Why are we pursuing e-government?
• Do we have a clear vision and priorities for
  e-government?
• What kind of e-government are we ready for?
• Is there enough political will to lead the
  e-government effort?
• Are we selecting e-government projects in the
  best way?
• How should we plan and manage e-government
  projects?
• How will we overcome resistance from within the
  government?
• How will we measure and communicate progress?
  How will we know if we are failing?
• What should our relationship be with the private
  sector?
• How can e-government improve citizen
  participation in public affairs?

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e-GOVERNMENTREADINESS
Source Roadmap for e-Government in the
Development World www.pacificcouncil.org/pdfs/e-go
v.paper.f.pdf

• Readiness for e-government is not only a
  governmental issue
• Readiness starts with political will
• Readiness also rests on information policy
• Other key factors for readiness
• Telecommunications Infrastructure
• Current connectivity and ICT usage by government
• Human capacity with government
• Existing and expected budgetary resources
• E-business climate
• Officials readiness to change

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e-Government Services
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e-GOVERNMENT FRAMEWORKARCHITECTURE
Source Building e-Governance for Development
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e-Government Strategy

• The organizations definition of e-government
  that includes key areas to be addressed and
  identification of all customers
• A vision that is easily understood and succinctly
  expresses the plans and concepts
• Specific goals and objectives that can be
  monitored and measured
• Identification of policies necessary to support
  e-government
• A process for identifying and prioritizing
  e-government initiatives
• A business model to sustain e-government
  initiatives

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Success/Failure Factors
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The Stages of e-Government Development

• Stage 1 Emerging web presence
• Stage 2 Enhanced web presence
• Stage 3 Interactive web presence
• Stage 4 Transactional web presence
• Stage 5 Seamless or fully integrated web presence

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Online Profile(UN Member Countries)

• Government website Presence (169)
• National Government website (84)
• Single Entry Portal (36)
• Sub-national government website (84)
• Online transaction capacity (17)

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Government Portals
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Gauging e-Government Capacity

• Web Presence
• ICT Infrastructure
• Human Capital Measures

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Public-Private Partnership(PPP)
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Benefits of PPP for the Government

• Private Sector Expertise
• Lower Public Expending
• Allow Private Sector absorb risks by outsourcing
  development
• Private Sector more up-to-date with technology

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Benefits of PPP for e-Gov

• Benefits of PPP for EG Three sets of
  stakeholders benefit from the
• Public Private Partnership model applied to
  e-Government.
• Benefits to Government
• Minimizing financial outgo
• Better liquidity
• Protection against technology obsolescence
• Speedier implementation of e-Government projects
• Efficiencies in management
• Better image
• Benefits to Citizen/Business
• Easy access to services
• Single window/one-stop shop
• 24x7 convenience
• Flexibility in the choice of access methods and
  devices
• Saving of indirect cost and hardship
• Benefits to private sector partners
• Reliable streams of revenue
• Low risk
• Creation of employment in the development,

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Pre-Requisites to PPP

• There is an identifiable commercial opportunity.
• The whole life construction and or operational
  cost of the project can be reduced by private
  sector involvement, and efficiency savings can be
  shared with the government.
• There will be a strong and reliable revenue
  stream throughout the life of the project.
• The government does not have to own or operate
  the infrastructure.
• The private sector is able to provide the project
  or service in accordance with government
  strategic plan requirements.
• The private sector has the latest technology and
  best management practices available for use on
  the project.
• The governments capital funding requirement for
  the project will be reduced.

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Private Sector Expertise Lessons for the Public
Sector

• Fully integrated value chains suppliers and
  customers
• Using the Internet to
• Reduce costs
• Improve quality
• Expand markets
• Share benefits
• Resulting in
• Customized service and products
• Competitive pricing
• Streamlined operations (down to the core)
• Better inventory management (Just-in-time
  inventory systems)

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Public Sector versus Private Adoption of ICT

• Incentives for Private Sector
• Efficiencies
• Savings and profits
• Quality service and productivity
• Obstacles to the Public Sector
• High costs due to scale of Government
• Rigid regulations and old habits
• Lack of inter- and intra-agency information
  sharing
• High bureaucracy and complex procedures
• Security and data protection issues
• Lack of human capacity training

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Win-Win Public-Private Partnerships

• Cooperation to produce a commercially viable
  solution which results in a cost-effective
  outcome for government and the community.
• A transparent process that will withstand public
  scrutiny.
• A competitive proposal process to share risks and
  rewards equitably.
• Proposal requirements that permit proposals to be
  prepared at a reasonable cost.
• Consistent integration with governments
  strategic plan.

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Forms of PPP

• Concession Contracts
• BOO
• BOOT (Build-Own-Operate-Transfer)
• BOT
• Joint Ventures
• Private Finance Initiatives (PFI)

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eGovernment Model Malaysia
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Malaysia

• Inter-Government
• Customs modernization and trade links
• e-passport/visa
• Smartcards
• Project Monitoring System (PMS) integrated and
  inter-agency
• Services to citizens and businesses
• Government licensing/registration processes
• Electronic bidding and procurement
• Health services
• Utility Bill and Tax payment
• Public-Private Partnership
• Competitive bidding and implementation of
  flagship eGovernment projects
• Using eGovernment as a platform to stimulate ICT
  industry

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Malaysia Incorporated (INC.)

• The public and private sectors become partners,
  shareholders and workers within the same
  corporation The Nation
• The corporation will only prosper if its
  commercial and economic arm (the private sector)
  does its best to promote such things as
  production, marketing and sales, while optimizing
  the returns of investment.
• The service arm (the public sector) will provide
  all the support needed.

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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIAINITIATIVES COMMUNITY LEVEL

• Developing Communities The Gyandoot Example
• The Gyandoot project set up 31 Internet-connected
  kiosks in villages in a district of central
  India, where 60 of the population live below the
  poverty line (earning less than US1 per day).
• Each kiosk was initially funded by the local
  government committee.
• It is run by a local young entrepeneur along
  business lines fee are charged for the service
  provided.
• Government-related services included
• Online application for government certificates
• Online filing complaints
• Printing of land records
• Access to information on government welfare
  schemes

Source Gyandoot Community-Owned Rural Internet
Kiosks
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e-GOVERNMENT IN INDIAINITIATIVES COMMUNITY LEVEL

• Increased Productivity The Warana Wired
  Village Example
• 54 Kiosks connected through wireless telephony to
  the Central Administrative Building
• Project aimed at increasing efficiency and
  productivity of the sugar cane cooperative
• Providing 70 villages access to information, in
  local language, about
• crops and agricultural market prices
• employment schemes from the state government
• educational opportunities
• Facilitates payment, from Warana Group of
  Cooperatives (WGC) to farmers
• Results
• Better inventory management
• US 750,000 savings to cooperative

Source Gyandoot www.egov4dev.org/warana.htm
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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIAINITIATIVES MUNICIPAL LEVEL

• Citizen Services The E-Hyderabad Example
• An initiative by the Municipal Corporation of
  Hyderabad to provide services to the community.
• First municipal country to give WAP connectivity
  for mobile users to access services.
• Renewals collected via portal totaled 4.2 crores.
• Services offered are
• Birth and death certificate
• Building permission
• Trade licenses
• Property tax payments
• Advertisement fee
• Market and complex rents
• Information of ongoing works
• Public participation via opinion polls and
  discussion forums

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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIAINITIATIVES STATE LEVEL
Source World Bank

• Online Delivery of Land Titles The Bhoomi
  Example
• The Department of Revenue in Karnataka has
  computerized 20 million records of land ownership
  of 6.7 million farmers in the state.
• Previously, farmers had to seek out the Village
  Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights,
  Tenancy and Crops (RTC)
• For a fee of Rs.15, a printed copy of the RTC can
  be obtained online at computerized land record
  kiosks (Bhoomi centers).
• The system generates various types of reports on
  land ownership by size, type of soil, crops,
  owner's sex, etc.,
• Banks and other lending institutions could be
  provided electronic access to the database for
  processing requests for crop loans, and conduct
  some advance planning on the quantum of lending
  required.
• High court, district and taluk courts could
  access the database for resolving legal disputes
  surrounding land.
• The system could also lead to better
  administration of Land Reforms Act

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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIAINITIATIVES STATE LEVEL
Source World Bank

• CARD Project The Andhra Pradesh Example
• Impacted 10 mil citizens in 3 years
• Documents registered (2.8 million)
• Title Searches made (1.4 million)
• Transparent system of valuation of property
• Efficient document management system
• Estimated saving of 70 mil man hours of citizen
  time valued at US 35 mil (investment in CARD
  US 6 mil)

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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIAINITIATIVES NATIONAL LEVEL

• Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
• Ministry of Textiles
• Ministry of Chemicals And Fertilizers
• Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Ministry of Environment Forests
• Ministry of Finance
• Ministry of Labour
• Ministry of Tourism
• Ministry of Communication
• Ministry of External Affairs
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
• Ministry of Power
• Ministry of Surface transport
• Ministry of Science Technology

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e-GOVERNANCE IN INDIACOMMON AREAS OF
e-GOVERNANCE FAILURES
Numerous reasons abound on the death of an
e-governance initiative. The common ones are as
follows

• Pilot Project Failure
• Replication/ Implementation Failure
• Usage Failure
• Technical Failure
• Funding Failure
• Design and Concept Failure
• Lack of holistic planning vertical and
  horizontal integration (SETU case)

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eSeva in Andhra Pradesh PPP BOOT Model

• 17 Service centres with 200 counters in Hyderabad
• Implemented using PPP 5 year BOOT model
• Private partner paid by the Government
  department/ agency
• 8 US Cents per transaction

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eSeva in Andhra Pradesh PPP BOOT Model

• 30 Government to Citizen Services
• Utility, water, and telephone payments
• Tax payment
• Ticket Reservations
• Passport application
• Birth/ death registration
• Cash/Cheque/Credit card payments

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ICT Integrated Solution for Local Government
Pilot Project Indonesia

• Smartcard Driven, mulit-sectoral involvement (May
  20, 2002)
• 3 Main Components
• e-Public Services
• e-Learning
• e-Business

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APDIP and e-Government

• ASEAN e-Government Seminar Series
• e-Primers (including eGovernment) in
  collaboration with e-ASEAN Task Force
• Asia-Pacific e-Government Portal
• Advisory services to Governments through UNDP
  Country Officers

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Links

• Asia-Pacific e-Government Portalwww.egovaspac.org
  
• United Nations Online Network in Public
  Administration and Finance (UNPAN)www.unpan.org/e
  government.asp
• Development Gateway
• www.developmentgateway.org/e-government
• e-Government for Development
• www.egov4dev.org

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Thank You

• Phet Sayo
• phet_at_apdip.net