Leadership in

1
Chapter 14

• Leadership in
• Organizational Settings

2
Chapter Outline

• Emerging View of Leadership
• Perspectives of Leadership
• Competency/Trait Perspective
• Behavioral Perspective
• Contingency Perspective
• Path-Goal Theory
• Transformational Perspective
• Cross-Cultural Issues in Leadership
• Gender Issues in Leadership

3
Emerging View of Leadership

• Leadership ability to influence, motivate,
  enable
• others to contribute to the effectiveness
  success
• of the organization.
• Application of power
• Ensure followers have motivation role clarity
• Arrange work environment resources
• Teach empower employees
• Subordinate own ego nurture leadership in
  others

4
Perspectives of Leadership
Competency Trait/Perspective
Leadership Perspectives
Behavioral Perspective
Transformational Perspective
Contingency Perspective
5
Perspectives of LeadershipCompetency Perspective

• Characteristics of Effective Leaders
• Emotional Intelligence
• Integrity
• Drive
• Leadership Motivation
• Self-confidence
• Intelligence
• Knowledge of the Business

6
Perspectives of LeadershipCompetency Perspective

• Limitations
• Competencies indicate potential, not actual
  performance
• Implies a universal approach
• Probably false assumption
• Implications
• Organizations increasingly relying on
  competency-based hiring
• Extends to all levels

7
Perspectives of LeadershipBehavioral Perspective

• People-oriented Behaviors
• Showing mutual trust respect
• Concern for employee needs
• Treat employees as equals
• Task-oriented Behaviors
• Assign specific tasks
• Clarify work duties procedures
• Ensure employees follow rules
• Push employees to reach peak performance

8
Perspectives of LeadershipBehavioral Perspective

• PEOPLE-ORIENTED
• Advantages
• Higher job satisfaction
• Lower absenteeism
• Lower turnover
• Disadvantages
• Lower job performance

• TASK-ORIENTED
• Advantages
• Higher productivity
• Disadvantages
• Lower job satisfaction
• Higher absenteeism
• Higher turnover

9
Perspectives of LeadershipBehavioral Perspective
People-oriented
Task-oriented
VS

• The 2 styles are independent
• Effective leaders exhibit high levels of both?
• The best style depends on the situation

10
Perspectives of LeadershipContingency
Perspective

• Effective leaders must
• Be insightful flexible
• Have high emotional intelligence
• Have a self-monitoring personality
• Know their preferred style, be able to adapt

11
Perspectives of LeadershipContingency
Perspective

• Path-Goal Theory
• Advocates Servant Leadership
• Roots in expectancy theory of motivation

12
Perspectives of LeadershipContingency
Perspective

• Path-Goal Theory
• Effective leaders
• Increase performance-to-outcome expectancy
  valences
• Better performers have higher degree of need
  fulfillment
• Increase effort-to-performance expectancy
• Providing info, support, other resources

13
Perspectives of LeadershipContingency
Perspective

• Path-Goal Theory Leadership Styles
• Directive
• Task-oriented Behaviors
• Supportive
• People-oriented Behaviors
• Participative
• Encouraging employee involvement in decisions
• Achievement-oriented
• Using goal setting positive self-fulfilling
  prophecy

14
Perspectives of LeadershipContingency
Perspective

• Path-Goal Theory
• Situational Variables help determine the most
• effective leadership style for the given
  situation
• Employee Cont.
• Skills experience
• Locus of control

• Environmental Cont.
• Task structure
• Team dynamics

15
Path-Goal Theory

• Skill/Experience low low high high
• Locus of Control external external internal intern
  al

Task Structure nonroutine routine nonroutine
? Team Dynamics norms low cohesion
norms ?
16
Perspectives of LeadershipTransformational
Perspective

• Transformational leaders
• Change the organization to fit the environment
• Develop, communicate, enact a vision
• Transactional leaders
• Manage -- link job performance to rewards
• Ensure employees have necessary resources
• Apply contingency leadership theories

17
Perspectives of LeadershipTransformational
Perspective
Creating a Vision
Building Commitment
Transformational Leadership
Communicating the Vision
Modeling the Vision
18
Perspectives of LeadershipTransformational
Perspective

• Consequences
• Higher employee satisfaction
• Higher affective commitment
• Better job performance
• More organizational citizenship behavior
• Conditions
• More appropriate in very dynamic environments

19
Cross-Cultural Issuesin Leadership

• Culture shapes leaders values norms
• Culture shapes followers expectations
• Leaders acting inconsistently with cultural
  expectations are perceived as ineffective

20
Gender Issues in Leadership

• Male female leaders have similar task and
  people-oriented leadership
• Women are evaluated negatively when they adopt a
  stereotypical male leadership style
• Women adopt a participative leadership style more
  readily
• Consistent with todays workforce expectations