Making Sense of PostColonial Africa, 19602007:

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Making Sense of Post-Colonial Africa, 1960-2007

• John Metzler, PhD
• African Studies Center
• Michigan State University

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Helping Students Understand Independent Africa,
1960-2005

• Overview
• Introduction Popular Representations of
  Contemporary Africa
• What We Need to Take into Account When Teaching
  About Contemporary Africa in the Community
  College Classroom
• Political, Economic, Social Realities of
  Contemporary/Independent Africa
• Understanding Independent Africa The Colonial
  Legacy
• Economic legacy
• Social Legacy
• Political Legacy
• The Cold War in Africa Angola, Congo, Horn of
  Africa, Southern Africa
• Militarization Small Arms Race in Africa
• Globalization Africa Promise or Peril?
• The African Renaissance The Case for Optimism

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1. Popular Representations of Africa

• What media informs our students images of
  Africa?
• Afro-Pessimism
• Afro-Optimism
• News Media Hopeless Continent
• Disney/National Geographic Garden of
  Eden/Celebration of the Exotic
• Movie industry Despair Exotica

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Popular Representations of AfricaThe Hopeless
Continent
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Popular Representations of AfricaThe Hopeless
Continent
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Popular Representations of AfricaThe Hopeless
Continent
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Summary of Representation in News Media

• Africa assessed Four Ds and One C
• Death
• Disease
• Disaster
• Despair
• Corruption
• Charlayne Hunter-Gault, 2006

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Popular Representations of AfricaGarden of
Eden
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Popular Representations of AfricaGarden of
Eden
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Popular Representations of AfricaCelebration of
the Exotic
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Popular Representations of AfricaMessages from
the Movies
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Teaching About Contemporary Africa

• CRITERIA FOR ADDRESSING AFRICAN CRISES IN THE
  CLASSROOM
• Given the bias and lack of rigor and analysis in
  the reporting of African crises, how should
  educators deal with these crises in their
  classrooms? First, give attention to the
  following criteria
• Set high standards of objectivity for yourself
  and for your students. Do not be satisfied with
  news stories that continue to use the standard
  explanatory constructs in analyzing a story.
  Use the same standards of objectivity and demand
  the same rigor that you expect from an analysis
  of a current issue in the U.S.
• Seek trust-worthy information and documentation
  on the issue under consideration prior to
  engaging your students in a serious discussion of
  the issue. Just as you would do for the study of
  a current events issue in the U.S., try to find
  (or have your students seek out) alternative
  perspectives of the story/crisis. The World Wide
  Web provides a rich variety of web sources on
  Africa.

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Teaching About Contemporary Africa

• Criteria (continued)
• When teaching a unit on Africa do not deal with
  crises or severe problems unless you also deal
  with problems/crises when you teach about other
  regions of the worldparticularly when you teach
  U.S. history, civics, or economics. Analysis of
  current events should be normal part of your of
  the social studies classroom, not just when
  teaching about Africa or troubled regions such
  as the Middle East.
• When addressing a crisis in Africa do not do so
  in isolation from the larger geographic,
  political, economic, and historical context in
  which the crisis is taking place. Crises are not
  natural or systemic to African societies (or
  to any other society in the world), and should
  not be treated as such.

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2. Contemporary Realities of Africa

• Dual Realities
• Political Arena Chaos, Chronic Conflict
  versus Democratization Africas Second
  Liberation
• Economic Arena Endemic poverty/under-developme
  nt versus African Renaissance
• Social Arena Irreparable decay of social
  structure (e.g. impact of HIV-AIDS) versus
  Re-birth of Civil Society

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Political Realities of Contemporary Africa
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Political Realities of Contemporary Africa

• Contemporary Conflicts
• Africas First World War Congo/Great Lakes (4
  million casualties in last 9 years)-cease-fire
  and peace accord elections July and Oct. 2006
• Burundi
• Sudan- Darfur
• Horn of Africa Somalia Ethiopia/Eritrea
• Cote DIvoire
• Western Sahara
• (7-8 million refugees/displaced people in Africa)
• Refugee Crisis 4.2 million refugees (2000) second
  only to Asia. Many more Internally displaced
  persons

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Political Realities of Contemporary Africa

• Resolution of long-standing conflicts
• Angola
• Mozambique
• Sierra Leone
• Liberia
• Sudan North-South Conflict
• Rwanda
• Congo?

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Political Realities of the Congo Nigeria

• Congo
• Civil War 1997-? Groups Interhamwe (Hutu
  militia), Mai Mai, Congolese Rally for Democracy
  (2 factions supported by Rwanda), Movement for
  the Liberation of the Congo (supported by
  Uganda), government of Joseph Kabila (elections,
  Sept. 2006/ run-off end of Oct. 2006) Jean-Pierre
  Bemba
• Approximately 4 million have died as result of
  this conflict
• Preceded by 30 years of autocratic ruleMobutu
  Sese Seko

• Nigeria
• Seven military governments 1966-1999 (some very
  brutal)
• Biafran civil war 1967-1970 ( cf one million
  died)
• Ethnic conflict in Niger Delta-oil region Ijaw,
  Itsekiri, Ogoni (Ken Saro-Wiwa)
• Muslim-Christian conflict (recent phenomenon)
• Stable democracy since 1999
• What happens after Pres. Olusegun Obasanjo
  (2007)?

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Political Realities of Contemporary
AfricaRegime Types 1989
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Political Realities of Contemporary
AfricaRegime Types Today Africas Second
Revolution/Independence
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Political Realities of Contemporary Africa

• Commitment of the African Union (2002) to human
  rights, good governance, transparency, democracy,
  and development.
• NEPAD New Partnership for Africas Development
• By 2006 26 countries (half of the AUs membership
  had agreed to undergo the Africa Peer Review
  Mechanism to assess progress towards good
  governance goals.

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Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa

• The Combined Gross Domestic Product for all of
  Sub-Saharan Africa in 2000 was US322.73
  Billionless than the GDP for the Netherlands
  (and considerably smaller than the GDP for the
  state of California)
• Between 1990 and 2000 GNP per capita declined .7
  per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa
• However, since 2000 a number of African countries
  have experienced a annual growth rate of around
  5
• Nearly 40 of Africas GNP is from agriculture,
  less than 15 from manufacturing lowest of any
  region in the world.
• Africa counts for less than 2 of global trade
• In 1960 average service debt of an African
  country was 2 of exports in 2000 239 of exports

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Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa
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Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa
NOTE -- T. Total -- Den.
Population Density, in single units -- P.C.
Per Capita Income, in single units -- GDP
Gross Domestic Production -- Total
Population, in Millions -- T. GNI (Gross
National Income) in billions
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Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa
Poverty (Numbers and Percent of People living on
1 or less a day)
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Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa
Poverty (Numbers and Percent of People living on
2 or less a day)
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Economic Realities Congo

• Congo
• Mineral Rich Copper, Cobalt, Coltan, Diamonds,
  Tin
• Agriculture wide variety of food and cash crops
  including coffee, tea, rubber and commercial
  lumber.
• Industry very little manufacturing, mineral
  processing
• Yet GDP per Capita is 88 compared to an average
  of 541 in SSAf Per Capita Income 110 per
  capita compared to 600 for SSAf

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But . . .
AFRICAS GROWTH RATES ARE CATCHING UP TO OTHER
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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African per capita income is now increasing in
tandem with other developing countries
Annual Change in Real per capita GDP
Forecast
2008
Source World Bank
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growth has improved since the 1980s
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Africas growth experience increasingly diverse
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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica

• Severe Social Dislocation
• Male (productive age) labor migration short term
  and long term
• Urbanization unplanned, minimal social services
  (health, education, housing, sanitation)
• Gender/family relations change in social
  relations of production and reproduction (male
  migration, male cash crops,) absence of
  fathers/husbands rural poverty (women children
  most severely impacted) survival strategies
  (prostitution, beer-making).

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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica

• Education
• Colonial Heritage
• Education for a very few (at independence, no
  colony had more than 60 of the elementary school
  age population in school, most less than 30
  even lower for high school and tertiary education
• Portuguese had most restrictive educational
  program. In rural Mozambique less than 20 of
  school age cohort had full seven years of
  elementary education at independence in 1975
• At independence in 1960 the D.R. Congo had an
  extensive primary school system (70 enrollment)
  but less than 10 went to secondary school and
  only 50 university graduates!
• French followed policy of assimilationtargeted
  10-20 of population with relatively good
  education system, but vast majority little or no
  schooling.
• British generally most progressive but great
  differences between protectorates (Nigeria,
  Ghana) where in-direct rule was practiced, and
  settler colonies (Rhodesias, Kenya) where
  educational expenditure was very limited.
• Curriculum heavily biased to humanitieslimited
  opportunities in science, math, technology

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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica

• Education and the Imperatives of the
  Post-Colonial Nation-State
• Nation building and state legitimacy
• Economic development and productivity
• Social development health, welfare, education
• Cultural development (re)production of
  Traditional culture

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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica

• Education Post-Independence Example of Zimbabwe
• 1980 60 of primary school age cohort in school,
  less than 40 finished primary education
• 1995 100 of primary school age cohort in school,
  over 90 finished seven years of primary school
• 1980 only 64,000 students in secondary school
  1995 over 800,000 in secondary school
• Negative Impact of ESAP conditionalities on
  education

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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica Health

• Diseases of Poverty
• Malaria kills over 1 million people in Africa
  each year with an estimated cost to African
  economies of over 2 billion
• Sleeping sickness (trypanosomasis) threat to 60
  million, infects 300,000 each year
• River Blindness (onchocerciasis) 17.5 million in
  Africa (99) of world total
• Biharziasis impacts estimated 80 million in
  Africa

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Malaria has not received adequate attention and
is a major cause of death of children
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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica Health

• The Scourge of HIV-AIDS
• HIV-AIDS Out of approximately 40 million
  HIV-AIDS victims in the world 29.4 victims reside
  in Sub-Saharan African countries.
• Nearly three million children under the age of 15
  are HIV positive
• Four countries in southern Africa have HIV
  infection rates of 25 or higher of adult
  population
• In the last decade 12 million people died of AIDS
  in Africa
• Life expectancy in southern Africa increased
  throughout the region to nearly 60 years of age
  in 1990 (from 44 years in 1950) life expectancy
  expected to drop to 40-45 years of age by 2005.
• Rays of hope decline in infection rate in a
  number of countries, stabilization in South
  Africa reduction in the price of
  antiretrovirals.

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Social Realities of ContemporaryAfrica
Health/HIV-AIDS
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LIFE Expectancy And Mortality
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• How do we bring understanding to these political,
  economic and social realities of contemporary
  Africa?
• Contextualize

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Legacy of Geography, Environment, Climate,
Geology

• Environmental Determinism
• Jared DiamondGuns, Germs, and Steel
• Jeffrey Sachs- The End of Poverty
• Africa only continent in the World solely in the
  tropics geologically oldest endemic
  debilitating disease poor soils unreliable
  climate, hostile environmentimpedes economic
  development and creates conditions for political
  instability.

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Legacy of Slavery

• Destruction of political, economic, and social
  infrastructure
• Loss of populationdeath and slave trade
• Immeasurable Human suffering.
• Other slave trades Trans-Sahara, East Central
  Africa.

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Colonial
Legacy
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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Colonial
Legacy

• Political Legacy
• Economic Legacy
• Social Legacy

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy

• Human rights legacy
• Authoritarian/anti-democratic legacy
• Cultural-pluralism/ethnicity
• State Capacity

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy

• Types of Colonial Political Regimes in Africa
• Direct Rule Belgium, France, Germany (until
  1918) Portugal (Guinea-Bissau)
• Indirect Rule British (except for settler
  states)
• League of Nations High Commission Mandate Trust
  Territories (former German coloniesTanganyika,
  Togo, South West Africa, Cameroon)
• Settler Colonies (Angola, Kenya, Mozambique,
  Rhodesia South North South Africa)

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy

• Authoritarian/anti-democratic
• Hegemony (establishment and maintenance of) was
  core political agenda of all colonial
  states/regimes Development of police and local
  armed forces staffed by indigenous African
  personnel
• Legitimacy (an imperative of most modern
  statecraft) was not important to the colonial
  regime
• Representation (outside of traditional
  leaders/indirect rule) or elections were largely
  absent in all colonial regimes
• Taxation (revenue generation)without
  representationwas central to the survival of the
  colonial state (Metropol opposed to financial
  support of their colonies)
• Forced Laborand at times forced conscription
  into police force/army

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy

• Cultural Pluralism and the Creation of
  Tribalism/Ethnicity
• Myth of Tribe unique tribal characteristics
• Issue of Colonial borders separation of
  language/ethnic groups
• Policy of Divide and Rule.
• Role of Mission societies

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/Cultural Pluralism
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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/Creation of Ethnicity

• Case of Nigeria
• Lugards policy of Indirect Rule ( Divide and
  Rule)
• Differential policies toward Hausa, Igbo and
  Yoruba
• Creation of Igbo ethnicity
• Peripheralization of minor groups

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/Creation of Ethnicity

• Case of Burundi and Rwanda
• Myth of ancient deeply embedded ethnic (tribal/
  racial) rivalry between Tutsi and Hutu peoples
• Belgian policy and the creation of ethnicity/
  race in Burundi and Rwanda

• Burundi
• Rwanda

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/State Capacity

• Review basic functions of national governments
• Guarantee sovereignty of the country
• Guarantee safety and protection of all citizens
• Guarantee basic human rights for all citizens
• Guarantee equal protection under the law for all
  citizens
• (Help) Provide basic infrastructure
  transportation and communication
• (Help) Provide basic social services for all
  citizens basic education, adequate health care,
  clean potable water, descent shelter
• Stimulate and support economic productivity and
  growth

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/State Capacity

• Realizing these basic functions of government
  dependent on
• Constitutional commitment to democracy and basic
  human rights
• Independent judiciary
• Specialized institutions of government
  (departments) that carry out specific functions
  of governance defense, public safety, education,
  health care, etc.
• Skilled and dedicated civil servants/bureaucrats
• Revenue

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/State Capacity

• Major imperatives of all colonial regimes
  Hegemony (domestic peace) and revenue
  (extraction) all other agenda subservient to
  these imperatives exception of the settler
  colonies
• Institutional development privileged institutions
  of public safety and control police, army,
  native court system, labor recruitment, and
  taxation
• Institutions/departments with portfolios in
  finance, economic development, employment,
  transportation, communication, housing, health
  care, educationseverely under-developed

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Political
Legacy/State Capacity

• Paradox of Over-Developed State (Post-colonial)
  with Under-Developed Capacity.
• Over-Developed in terms of its relationship to
  civil society and the domestic economymonopoly
  of responsibility for development (social,
  economic, political), but. . .
• Severely under-developed in its capacity
  (institutional and human to meet these
  challenges/responsibilities)
• Competition over scarce resources

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy

• Economic rationale for colonialism (review)
• Demand for raw materials to fuel industrial
  revolution in Europe generate profits for
  businesses (nascent Transnationals)
• Guaranteed markets for industrial goods (crisis
  in capitalism?)
• Need for safe investment opportunities for
  emerging transnational corporations
• Three Cs Pressure from humanitarians and
  mission societies Commerce as prime factor in
  promoting Christianity and Civilization in
  Africa

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy

• Central economic imperative of all colonial
  regimes colonies must pay their own wayno
  drain on metropol treasury.
• Top agenda of colonial regimes raise
  revenuefind promote mode/area of production
  that support colonial regime and concurrently
  generate profits for metropol.
• Creation of Mono-Economies.

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/Colonial modes of production

• 1.Mineral Africa rich in mineral resources,
  several colonial economies centered on the
  exploitation of minerals e.g. Zambia (Northern
  Rhodesia) and Congo (Belgian)

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/Colonial modes of production

• 2. Large-scale agriculture (plantation)
  agriculture colonial regime identify one or two
  major agricultural products to be developed for
  export. Mainly East and Southern Africa Kenya
  (coffee, tea) Zimbabwe (tobacco, beef),
  Mozambique (cotton/cashews)

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/Colonial modes of production

• 3. Small-Scale Agricultural Production Most
  African colonies did not have large mineral
  deposits nor were they attractive for large scale
  plantation type agriculture. In these countries
  revenue was generated through government
  mandated/encouraged small-scale agricultural
  production for export e.g. cotton (Mali),
  groundnuts (Senegal, Gambia) cocoa (Ghana, Cote
  dIvoire)

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/Colonial modes of production

• 4. Labor providing colonies Some African
  colonies were resource partmore often sections
  of colonies. These colonies became labor
  reservoirs for farms, mines and industries in
  neighboring countries. E.G. Burkina Faso (to
  Cote dIvoire and Ghana) Malawi/Mozambique/Lesotho
  /
• Swaziland (to South Africa, Zimbabwe,
  Zambia). Colonial regimes earned money through
  taxing recruitment and remissions from laborers.

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/Colonial modes of production

• 5. Mixed/Diversified Economies Colonial regimes
  did little to stimulate real economic growth and
  diversification with the notable exception of
  settler colonies such as Kenya, Southern
  Rhodesia, and South Africa. Economic development
  and diversification central to the settlers
  agenda for their countries.

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Understanding Contemporary Africa The Economic
Legacy/ Land and Labor

• Regardless of mode of production colonial
  economies required access and control over
  land/natural resources (most often without
  compensation), and of . . .
• Labor (often forced or non-voluntary) including
  labor for commercial crops instead of subsistence
  crops in small scale commercial production zones.
  

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4. Understanding Contemporary Africa Impact of
the Cold War

• The 1960s, the decade of Africas independence
  coincided with the height of the Cold War.
• Newly independent African states/leaders were
  often called upon to take sides between the East
  and West.
• U.S. and West suspicious of Marxist/nationalist
  rhetoric of many new leaders particularly in
  countries with strategic location and/or
  resources Congo, Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia,
  Rhodesia, South Africa

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Understanding Contemporary Africa Impact of the
Cold War

• Impact of Cold War?
• Instability caused by assassinations, coups, and
  civil strife within and between key African
  client states.
• Wars directly linked to Cold War machinations
  Angola civil war (invasion by South Africa, Cuban
  troops) Congo (including recent First African
  World War Ethiopia/Somalia Liberia,
  Mozambique Sudan
• Failed States Congo, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan.
• Economic devastation Case of Congo rich in
  natural and human resources
• Human suffering millions killed (over a million
  in Angolan civil war) Angola second largest
  number of land-mine amputees (after Cambodia)
  Africa second largest refugee population in the
  world

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Results for Africa of aid from U.S. and the West
during the Cold War

• US gave at least 1.5 bill weapons to Africa
  during Cold War (1950-89)
• - incl 400 mill to dictator Mobutu in Congo
• 250 mill to Jonas Savimbis UNITA movement
  Angola
• Half the US aid went to governments with known
  human rights abuses including Congo, Rwanda,
  Uganda atrocities (perhaps 3 million)

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Somalia
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UN US Retreat in Somalia
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Societal Wreckage of War-Somalia
Baidoa, Som, City of Death - vandalized
statue
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Children of War-Somalia
Children of WarPhotograph by Joel Frushone, U.S.
Committee for Refugees Theyre preparing to
leave the only home they have ever known. These
children, whose parents are Somali, were born in
the Daror refugee camp in the Ogaden region of
Ethiopia. Their parents had come here in the late
1980s, fleeing northern Somalia after a violent
uprising that led to government bombing of the
regions largest city, Hargeysa. More than a
decade later, with peace and relative stability
in what is now the self-proclaimed state of
Somaliland, refugees are going home. Returning
families receive resettlement supplies, including
330 pounds (150 kilograms) of wheat and about
five quarts (five liters) of cooking oil. Most
sell the supplies.
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Militarization Across Africa Curse of landmines

• Angola more than 70,000 amputees and more than
  16,000 killed.
• Estimates of total number of land mines 10-20
  million
• Angola is the one most heavily impacted by 1-2
  land mines per person
• Whatever you want to do, whether it's plant a
  field or rehabilitate a school or open a road,
  you've first got to clear away the mines. The
  threat of mines has paralyzed the country
• More than 70 types of mines - manufactured in at
  least 22 countries - have been planted in Angola
  during recent decades. Mines were installed by
  the government military, the South Africans, the
  Cubans, the Russians, UNITA, the police, by
  neighboring governments, and several other
  Angolan armed groups.
• The numbers of mine layers makes demining - which
  includes understanding the strategy and patterns
  of mine laying - even more complicated. Mine
  clearance experts say only the Cubans made
  accurate maps of their mine fields.
• Tens of thousands of one-legged Angolans hobbling
  around their country on crutches provide graphic
  evidence that most of the mines laid here are
  small anti-personnel mines designed to maim
  rather than kill. Yet the explosives are often
  targeted at civilians, most often women and
  children, rather than soldiers. Planted near
  water sources and under shade trees in the
  savannah, they are designed to terrorize, often
  with the goal of depopulating the countryside.

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Militarization Across Africa

• Portuguese soldiers planting and unearthing land
  mines in Angola, 1970s

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Militarization in AfricaThe Cost

• An average of 22 billion is being spent each
  year by the nations of Africa, Asia, Middle East,
  and Latin America on arms.
• If this were redirected, it would be enough to
  reach the UN targets of Universal Primary
  Education
• And reducing infant and maternal mortality.
• And Meeting all of the Millennium Development
  Goals

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Militarization of Africa Arms Sales Out of
Control

• The U.S., France, Russia, China and the UK
• together account for 88 of all the worlds
• conventional arms exports.
• There are 639 MILLION small arms and light
• weapons in the world
• Today, eight million more are produced
• every year.
• From 1996-2001, the USA, UK, and France earned
• more income from arms sales to developing
  countries
• than they gave in all kinds of emergency,
  disaster,
• and economic assistance aid.

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The costs of the new wars to Africas children
Up to 20,000 children are fighting in Africas
conficts today..
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Understanding Contemporary Africa Impact of
Globalization

• Drastic reduction primary price of primary
  resources (agricultural crops and non-strategic
  minerals).
• Concomitant increase in price of industrial
  goods/services produced in North.
• Heavy indebtedness impact of petrol dollars
• Decline in investmentslowing diversification of
  economy
• Neo-liberal orthodoxywithdrawal of state,
  decline in services, rise in unemployment
  emphasis on comparative advantage.
• Peripheralization of Africa?

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal One Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
• Share of population below national poverty line
  high-Zambia 72.9 low Benin 29
• Share of population living on 1 per day
  highZambia 75 low South Africa 10.7
• Prevalence of child malnutrition, underweight as
  of children under 5 high Ethiopia 47.5 low
  South Africa 10.3
• Share of population below minimum dietary energy
  consumption high Eritrea 73 low Gabon 5
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Two Achieve Universal Primary Education
• Net primary enrollment ratio as a or relevant
  age group high Seychelles 100 Uganda 98,
  Malawi 95 low Djibouti 33
• Primary Completion rate as a of the relevant
  age group high Seychelles and Mauritius 100
  low Niger 25
• Youth Literacy Rate (ages 15-24) high Seychelles
  99, South Africa 94 low Mali 24
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Three Promote Gender Equality and Empower
  Women
• Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary
  school high Cape Verde, Lesotho, Mauritius,
  Namibia, Rwanda and South Africa all 100 or
  higher low Chad 58
• Ratio of young literate women to men (ages
  15-24) highBotswana, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya,
  Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa,
  Swaziland all at 100 or higher low Chad 42
• Women members of national parliament as a of
  total MPs highRwanda 49, Mozambique 35, South
  Africa 33 low Nigeria 6, Kenya 7
• Share of women employed in non-agricultural
  sector highNamibia 51, Botswana 47--most
  countries did not report
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Four Significantly Reduce Child Mortality
• Under five mortality rate (per 1,000)
  highSierra Leone 283, 10 countries with over 200
  compared to 12 countries in 1990 lowSeychelles
  14, Mauritius 15, Cape Verde 60, South Africa 66
• Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
  highSierra Leone 165, 22 countries with greater
  than 100, compared to 26 countries in 1990
  lowSeychelles 12, Mauritius 14, Namibia 47,
  South Africa 54
• Child immunization rate/measles highsix
  countries with 90 or higher lowfour countries
  lower than 50 compared to 9 countries with lower
  than 50 in 1990
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Five Significantly Improve Maternal
  Health
• Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births
  high Sierra Leone 2,000 with 16 countries with
  rates of 1,000 or above low- Mauritius 24, with
  seven countries with 500 or lower.
• Births attended by skilled health staff as a of
  total high Mauritius 99 with six countries at
  85 and higher.
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

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Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Six Significantly Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria
  and other Diseases
• Prevalence of HIV as of 15-49 year age group
  (2005) highSwaziland 33 and five countries
  with 20 or higher (down from 8 countries in
  2002) low 27 countries with 5 or lower.
• Deaths due to malaria per 100,000 population
  highNiger 469 with nine countries above 200 low
  Kenya 64 (of area in which malaria is endemic)
• Tuberculosis infect rate per 100,00 population
  highSwaziland with 1,222 with seven countries
  with 500 or above.
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

87
Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Seven Ensure Environmental Sustainability
• Forest area as a of total land highGabon 85,
  Congo (Brazzaville) 66--almost all African
  countries suffered a loss of forest area between
  1990 and 2005
• Nationally protected areas as a share of total
  land area () high Zambia 31.9, Tanzania
  29.8, with five countries at 15 or above low
  Lesotho with 0.2
• Population with sustainable access to an improved
  water source () high Mauritius 100, Botswana
  95, with 10 countries over 80 compared to four
  countries in 1990
• Population with sustainable access to improved
  sanitation () highMauritius 99 with eight
  countries at 50 or higher compared three
  countries in 1990.
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

88
Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at
the Half-Way Point

• Goal Eight Develop a Global Partnership for
  Development (hard to quantify measure)
• Between 1990 and 2005 significant reduction in
  debt as per cent of GDP and of export earnings
  thanks to debt restructuring and debt forgiveness
• Mobile and Fixed line telephone subscribers per
  1,000 people high 842 Seychelles with 10
  countries at 100 or higher compared to one
  country in 1990.
• Personal Computers per 1,000 persons
  highMauritius 279, Seychelles 179 and Namibia
  109 low 1 in Niger, with 16 countries at 5 or
  under.
• Source Africa Development Indicators, 2006
  (World Bank)

89
African Renaissance Cause for Optimism?

• Concrete moves to end wars in Congo/Great Lakes
  Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia/ Eritrea.
• Democratization Africas Second Independence.
• Economic growth a number of countries
  registering 5 annual growth-rates, 2000-2005.
• Birth of the African Union NEPAD (New Economic
  Partnership for Africas Development.)
• Intelligence, commitment, and vibrancy of
  Africas youth.