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The Science of Psychology

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Study of how people change over time. Physiological Psychology ... Heredity Environment. Stability Change. People remain unchanged vs. change. Diversity-Universality ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Science of Psychology


1
Chapter 1
  • The Science of Psychology

2
1. What is Psychology?
  • A. The Fields of Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Study of how people change over time
  • Physiological Psychology
  • Study of how biology controls behavior
  • Experimental Psychology
  • Perform experiments to study psychology

3
  • Personality Psychology
  • Study of how people differ from one another
  • Clinical and Counseling Psychology
  • Study and treatment of psychological disorders

4
  • Social Psychology
  • Study of how people influence one another
  • Study of group behavior
  • Industrial and Organization (I/O) Psychology
  • Study of psychological principles in industry and
    business

5
  • B. Enduring Issues
  • PersonSituation
  • Is behavior caused by factors inside the person
    or outside? HeredityEnvironment

6
  • StabilityChange
  • People remain unchanged vs. change
  • Diversity-Universality
  • How are we different vs. the same
  • MindBody
  • Relationship between experience and biological
    processes

7
  • C. Psychology As Science
  • Scientific method
  • Other behavioral sciences
  • Sociology, anthropology
  • Political science, economics, history

8
2. The Growth of Psychology
  • A. The "New Psychology" A Science of the Mind
  • Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener
  • Structuralism
  • Basic units of experience
  • William James
  • Functionalism
  • Studied how we use perception to function in its
    environment.

9
  • Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic psychology
  • Individual unconscious factors
  • John B. Watson Behaviorism
  • Studied only observable behaviors
  • B.F. Skinner Behaviorism revisited
  • Expanded behaviorism

10
  • B. Cognitive Revolution
  • The precursors
  • Gestalt psychology
  • We perceive things as whole patterns
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Realizing full potential
  • The rise of cognitive psychology
  • Study of mental processes

11
  • C. New Directions
  • Evolutionary psychology?
  • Adaptive value of behaviors and mental process
  • Positive psychology
  • Focusing on attitude
  • Multiple perspectives
  • No single right answer.
  • Where are the women?
  • Important contributions despite discrimination

12
3. Human Diversity
  • A. Gender
  • Psychological and social meanings attached to
    being biologically male or female
  • Gender stereotypes
  • Limited view of people based on gender
  • For example, Only men can be police officers

13
  • Feminist psychology
  • Study of the psychology of women
  • Sexual orientation
  • Gender to which one is sexually attracted

14
  • B. Race and Ethnicity
  • Racial and ethnic minorities in psychology
  • Race is subpopulation defined by identifiable
    characteristic
  • Ethnicity common cultural heritage religion,
    language, ancestry
  • C. Culture
  • Tangible goods and values, attitudes, behaviors,
    and beliefs that are passed on from generation to
    generation

15
4. Research Methods in Psychology
  • A. Naturalistic Observation
  • Systematic observation in natural setting
  • B. Case Studies
  • Intensive description and analysis of one or
    several people
  • C. Surveys
  • Questionnaires or interviews

16
  • D. Correlational Research
  • Research techniques based on the naturally
    occurring relationship between two or more
    variables.
  • Can make predictions
  • Math and English placement tests
  • SAT and school success
  • Job testing and success on the job

17
  • E. Experimental Research
  • Subject or participants
  • Independent variable
  • Cause (what you are studying)
  • Dependent variable
  • Effect (result of experiment)

18
  • Experimental group
  • Receive special treatment
  • Control group
  • Does not receive special treatment but is the
    same in every other way
  • Experimenter bias
  • Expectations by experimenter influence outcome
    also teachers

19
  • F. Multimethod Research
  • Combining methods

20
  • G. Importance of Sampling
  • Sample
  • Small representative subset
  • Random sample
  • Every subject had equal chance of being selected
  • Representative sample
  • Characteristics of participants correspond to
    larger population
  • H. Human Diversity and Research
  • Avoiding cultural bias

21
5. Ethics and Psychology
  • A. Ethics in Research on Humans
  • Informed of nature of research
  • Informed consent documented
  • Risks and limits on confidentiality explained
  • Alternative academic credit so truly free choice
    for students

22
  • Deception cannot be used about aspects of
    research that would affect participant's
    willingness to participate
  • Deception about the goals of research used only
    when absolutely necessary
  • B. Ethics in Research on Nonhuman Animals

23
6. Careers in Psychology
  • A. Academic and Applied Psychology
  • Educational or research facilities
  • B. Clinical Settings
  • Therapy in hospitals and clinics

24
  • C. Licenses
  • Psychologists - Ph.D, Psy.D.
  • Psychiatrists - M.D.
  • Psychoanalysts
  • Can be MD or PhD.
  • Additional specialized training
  • Social Workers (M.S.W.) - LSW
  • Marriage Family Therapists - M.A.

25
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