HC1320

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HC1320

• The Beginning of Global Missions

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Context of Mission

• Legend of Prester John
• Prêtre
• Assidos

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(No Transcript)
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• Acts of Thomas Abbanes, Gundaphorus
• 1492 Reconquista completed

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Catholic Spirituality

• . . .a spirituality which. . .reflected the
  bustle and energy and determination of sixteenth
  century man, who felt at last that he had a
  power over himself and over things to be applied,
  in the Counter Reformation, for the greater glory
  of God and the revival of his church.
• Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter
  Reformation, 1961, 32

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Ignatius Loyola 1491-1556

• Painting by Rubens
• Battle of Navarre May 1521
• Read Ludolphus of Saxony Life of Christ 1474, The
  Golden Legend 1275 (lives of saints) Thomas a
  Kempis, The Imitation of Christ 1400
• Montserrat

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. . .constant stress on activity of all kinds
active use of the mind and intellect, with all
their powers in prayer, and especially in
pictorial mediation, as against contemplative
trends the doctrine of the insufficiency of
purely passive resistance to temptation with its
corollary of the necessary counterattack, the
principle of agendo contra the development of
casuistry in a humane and accommodating
direction respect for each individual and his
special case. . . reaction against excessive
corporal mortifications. . .active struggle
against the self activity on behalf of others
frequent recourse to the sacraments prayer found
in work and action in the world rather than in
eremetical retirement from it. . . Evennett,
43f.
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Vasco de Gama (1460-1524)
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European Settlements
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It is clear from all the early records that the
bold and hardy men who made the great voyages,
and the rulers and others who stood behind them,
had two great purposes in view first, to bring
the light of the true Gospel to hitherto unknown
nations who had lived in darkness secondly, and
from the point of view of that age even more
important, to enter into contact with Christian
churches which were believed to be in existence
in those lands, and so to make a great world
alliance of the faithful, through which at last
the power of the Muslim world would be brought to
the ground. Stephen Neill, A History of
Christian Missions, 120
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Alexander VI, 1431?1503, pope (14921503)

• Padroado (Patronato)The privilege of patronage
  extended by the pope to the King of Portugal over
  three episcopal sees in India, and repeatedly
  recognized by declarations of Rome from
  1534-1606.
• Divided world north to south in a line west of
  the Azores to the West, Portugal to the East,
  Spain 1594 moved further West to include Brazil
  in the East

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Francis Xavier 1506-52

• Basque native
• Arrives India 1542 as representative of King of
  Portugal
• Apostolic Nuncio
• Caste of the Paravas on Coromadel Coast, baptized
  1536 en masse, spoke Tamil
• Xavier spends three years leaves rudimentary
  organization by 1600, 16 villages,
  each with Jesuit priest
• Method of Itineration pattern of contact
  characterized by mobility, brief contact, intense
  indoctrination, especially of lower classes,
  faith through memorization

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On Sundays I assemble all the people, men and
women, young and old, and get them to repeat the
prayers in their language. They take much
pleasure in doing so, and come to the meetings
gladly. . .I give out the First Commandment,
which they repeat, and then we say altogether,
Jesus Christ, Son of God, grant us grace to love
Thee above all things. When we have asked for
this grace, we recite the Pater Noster together,
and then cry with one accord, Holy Mary, Mother
of Jesus Christ, obtain for us grace from thy Son
to enable us to keep the First Commandment. Next
we say an Ave Maria, and proceed in the same
manner through each of the remaining nine
Commandments. And just as we say twelve Paters
and Aves in honour of the twelve articles of the
Creed, so we say ten Paters and Aves in honour of
the ten Commandments, asking God to give us grace
to keep them well. quoted in Neill, 128
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Xavier and Anjiro

• I asked him whether, if I went back with him to
  his country, the Japanese would become Christian,
  and he said they would not do so, until they had
  first asked me many questions and seen how I
  answered and how much I knew. Above all they
  would want to observe if I lived in conformity
  with what I said and believed. If I did those two
  things, answered the questions to their
  satisfaction and so demeaned myself that they
  could not find anything to blame in my conduct,
  then, after knowing me for six months, the king,
  the nobility, and all other people of discretion
  would become Christian, for the Japanese, he
  said, are entirely guided by reason.
• Neill, 132

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Accommodation

• A pattern of conduct here is ideally one of
  minimal mobility and protracted periods of
  contact. There is maximum accommodation to
  indigenous cultural and religious patters, with a
  bias towards the upper levels of socio-political
  power.

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Japan

• 1549 Xavier arrives
• 1579 130,000 Christians
• 1597 Martyrs
• 1601 First Jesuit ordained
• 1603 Tokugawa government anti-Christian
• 1609 200,000 Christians
• 1612 Christianity outlawed
• 1620 Deus destroyed
• 1633 Closure edict

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Matteo Ricci 1552-1610

• Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi(???) (right)
  in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
  (????)

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China

• 1610 eight working priests 2000 neophytes
• 1642 ancestral veneration allowed
• 1650 150,000 Christians
• 1700 300,000 Christians
• 1715 Papal Bull on worship
• 1724 Missionaries deported

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Alopen 635

• The Nestorian Monument in China
• On January 7, 781 AD,  in the reign of Mar
  Khnanishu the Catholicos Partriarch of the East
  and the year of Kienchung of the Tang dynasty of
  , the Nestorian Monument was erected. The
  Monument is ten feet high by 3,1/3 feet wide and
  just under one foot thick and it weighs two tons.
  It is made of a black, sub-granular oolitic
  limestone.

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Paraguay Mission

• 1610 first settlement
• Republic of the Guaranís
• 1623 23 settlements, 100,000 Indians, majority
  still pagan
• 1768 Jesuits expelled

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Reduction

• A pattern of permanent and controlled contact in
  which the receiver is almost totally isolated
  from his own culture and incorporated into a
  totally new and all-encompassing cultural and
  religious setting. It takes the notion of tabla
  rasa seriously. There is virtually no mobility,
  and there in maximal transformation of receiver
  to patterns of the sender.

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The Reformation on its religious side and the
Counter Reformation on its religious side can
reasonably be regarded as two different outcomes
of the same general aspiration toward religious
regeneration which pervaded late fifteenth
century and early sixteenth century
Europe. H.O. Evennett, The Spirit of the
Counter Reformation 1961, p. 9.
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Lutheran Pietist Missions Motivating Principles

• David J. Bosch, Transforming Mission, 1991.
• Justification urgent conviction
• Subjective dimension of salvation
• Priesthood of all believers
• Centrality of Scripture
• Anabaptist rejected Erastian politics
• Pietists Spener, Affirming the Hope for Better
  Times (1693) Wünschenziel (desired aim) becomes
  Willensziel (aim of the will)
• Repentence, conversion, new birth,
  sanctification dynamic understanding of faith

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• Among the Lutherans it was the likes of Nicholas
  Ludwig, Count von Zinzendorf (1700-1760), the
  Moravian Pietist, who countered the guardians of
  pure doctrine Our unwearied labour, he said,
  shall go forth through the whole world, in order
  that we may win hearts for Him Who gave His life
  for our souls.1
• 1 Warneck, Protestant Missions, 59.

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Lutheran Pietist Missions Motivating principles

• Voluntary principle
• Against territorial church
• friends of the gospel
• No obligation to rulers
• Dienst des Leibes (Francke) orphanages, widows
  homes, hospitals, schools
• India and America

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Pietist Missions

• Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (1682 -1719)
• August Hermann Francke (1663-1727)
• Halle
• Frederick IV of Denmark (1671-1730) 
• Heinrich Plütschau (1678-1747)

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DANISH INDIATRANKEBAR-TRANQUEBAR-THARANGAMBADIFO
RT DANSBORG
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European Settlements
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William Carey 1761-1834

• Hebrews 1313 Let us therefore go out unto him
  without the camp, bearing his reproach.
• I think I had a desire to follow Christ, but I
  concluded that the Church of England, as
  established by law, was the camp in which all
  were protected from the scandal of the cross, and
  that I ought to bear the reproach of Christ among
  dissenters.
• William Carey Christian History, Issue 36,
  (Carol Stream, IL Christianity Today, Inc.)
  1997.

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An Inquiry into the Obligation of Christians to
Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathen 1792

• A Christian minister is a person who in a
  peculiar sense is not his own he is the servant
  of God, and therefore ought to be wholly devoted
  to him. By entering on that sacred office he
  solemnly undertakes to be always engaged, as much
  as possible, in the Lord's work, and not to chuse
  his own pleasure, or employment, or pursue the
  ministry as a something that is to subserve his
  own ends, or interestes, or as a kind of
  bye-work. He engages to go where God pleases,
  and to do, or endure what he sees fit to command,
  or call him to, in the exercise of his function.
  He virtually bids farewell to friends, pleasures,
  and comforts, and stands in readiness to endure
  the greatest suffering in the work of his Lord,
  and Master. It is inconsistent for ministers to
  please themselves with thoughts of a numerous
  auditory, cordial friends, a civilized country,
  legal protection, affluence, splendor, or even a
  competency. The flights, and hatred of men, and
  even pretended friends, gloomy prisons, and
  tortures, the society of barbarians of uncouth
  speech, miserable accommodations in wretched
  wildernesses, hunger, and thirst, nakedness,
  weariness, and painfulness, hard work, and but
  little worldly encouragement, should rather be
  the objects of their expectation. (72)

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• Matthew 1035-39 35 For I have come to set a
  man against his father, and a daughter against
  her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her
  mother-in-law 36 and one's foes will be members
  of one's own household. 37 Whoever loves father
  or mother more than me is not worthy of me and
  whoever loves son or daughter more than me is not
  worthy of me 38 and whoever does not take up
  the cross and follow me is not worthy of me. 39
  Those who find their life will lose it, and those
  who lose their life for my sake will find it.