Tibet Historic Relationship with China

1
Tibet Historic Relationship with China

• Tang (618-907)
• Tang princess married with Tibet King.
• Sung (960-1271)
• No relationship between two countries.
• Yuan (1271-1368)
• China and Tibet were both dominated by
  Mongolian.
• Ming (1368-1644)
• China and Tibet had barely relationship.
• Qing (1644-1911)
• Mutual help mutual benefit.
• 1912-1950
• Tibet governed itself.

2
Tibet Historic Relationship with China

• 1950
• Communist Party of China (CPC) invaded Tibet.
• 1951
• China undertakes 17-point Agreement and set up
  Tibet Autonomous Region.
• 1959
• National Uprising against severe crackdown by
  the Chinese and widespread brutality. Estimated
  87,000 Tibetan were killed and 100,000 Tibetan
  fled with Dalai Lama into exile in India.
• 1988
• The Dalai Lama puts forward the Strasbourg
  proposal in which he calls for genuine autonomy
  for Tibet rather than independence.

3
XinJiang - Historic Relationship with China

• Han (202 B.C. -220)
• Reliable history about the relationship between
  two parties was recorded. Han established
• government institutions in the west region
  (Xin-Jiang).
• Tang (618-907)
• The west region is part of Tangs territory.
• Yuan (1271-1368)
• China and west region were both dominated by
  Mongolian.
• Qing (1644-1911)
• In the middle of 18 century Qing reunified west
  region. In 1759 Qing emperor renamed west region
  Xing-Jiang (new territory).
• Early of 20 Century
• Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism spread in Xing-Jiang

4
XinJiang - Historic Relationship with China

• 1933 1944
• Uygur established East Turkistan for a short
  period of time.
• 1950
• People's Liberation Army of China invaded East
  Turkistan.
• 1955
• China set up Xing-Jiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

5
Inner Mongolia Historical Relationship with
China

• Yuan (1271-1368)
• Mongols established Yuan dynasty in China.
• Ming (1368-1644)
• Mongols and the Chinese wared each other and
  tried to rule over each other. The Mongol Empire
  lasted outside of the Great Wall.
• Qing (1644-1911)
• Manchu people took over the entire Inner
  Mongolia in 1634 and established Qing dynasty in
  China in 1644.
• 1921
• Outer Mongolia established People's Republic of
  Mongolia. Inner Mongolia was under control of
  Chinese warlord.
• 1933-1945
• Prince De Wang declared the Inner Mongolian
  government as a highly self-ruling government in
  1933.

6
Inner Mongolia Historical Relationship with
China

• 1939-1945
• Soviet-Mongolian joint army entered the Inner
  Mongolia.
• 1945
• Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union handed Inner
  Mongolia over to China according to the Yalta
  treaty.
• 1947
• China set up Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

7
Current Situation in Tibet, Xin-Jiang Inner
Mongolia

• No freedom of press and speech
• No freedom of religion
• Laggard economy
• Nuclear testing areas
• Independence/nationality activities and
  organizations conducted in these regions and
  overseas.

8
Chinas Stand for Tibet, Xin-Jiang Inner
Mongolia - The Indivisible Part of China

• Ideology
• Great unifying nation
• Strategies
• Massive population transfer of Han Chinese
• Policy of assimilation
• Policy of development of western regions
• Separatism is terrorism.

9
China - Taiwan Relationship
10
1680s - 1880s

• Originally settled by Mala-Polynesian descendents
• Dutch establish settlements on the island of
  Taiwan
• 1662 Dutch defeated by Cheng Cheng-kung
• Ming dynasty loyalist
• 1680-1880
• No established rule
• Manchu emperors attempted to rule Taiwan but with
  no consistency

11
19th Century

• 1870s American, Japanese French ships captured
  by Taiwanese pirates
• Manchu Emperor Taiwan is beyond our territory
• 1887 Manchu Imperial Authorities declare Taiwan
  to be a province of their empire
• In an attempt to outmaneuver Japanese
• 1895 Sino-Japanese War
• Japan occupies Taiwan
• May 25th 1895
• Taiwan Republic established
• Quickly defeated by Japanese

12
Japanese Period

• Japanese establish infrastructure extensively
  develop
• educational system, roads, trains, industry
• 1930s While vying for control over China Mao
  makes the statement
• we will extend them (Koreans) our enthusiastic
  help in their struggle for independence. The
  same thing applies for Taiwan

13
WW II

• 1943 Cairo Conference the Allied Powers agree
  with Chiang Kai-sheks (Chinese Nationalist)
  request that Taiwan be returned to China
• there was no representative of the Taiwanese at
  the Cairo Conference
• 1945 At the end of WW II the Allied Powers agreed
  that Chiangs troops would temporarily occupy
  Taiwan on behalf of the Allied forces
• 1949 Chiang Kai-shek loses war on the mainland -
  flees to Taiwan
• Establishes Martial Law for the next 4 decades

14
San Francisco Peace Treaty

• 1952 Allied Powers Japan formally end WWII by
  signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty
• Japan gives up sovereignty over Taiwan
• UN states that the people of Taiwan should
  determine the future status of the island based
  on the principle of self-determination
• 1952 - 1972 Chiang Kai-shek builds up Taiwan
  economically
• Is successfully partially due to the
  infrastructure built up by Japanese

15
1970s

• 1971 Nixon Kissinger begins opening relations
  with China
• Chiang Kai-sheks regime is expelled from the
  United Nations
• 1972 US acknowledges the Chinese position that
  there is one China, and that Taiwan is part of
  China
• 1975 Chiang Kai-shek dies
• succeeded by his son Chiang Ching-Kuo
• 1979 Taiwanese leadership begins to be questioned
  leading by the Democratic Progressive Party (DDP)

16
1980s - 1990s

• 1987 Martial Law lifted
• 1988 Chiang Ching-kuo dies
• 1990 Vice-president Lee Teng-hui becomes
  president
• National Assembly elects Lee to a full 6 year
  terms
• 1996 Taiwan holds 1st presidential election - Lee
  is elected

17
Taiwan Today

• 1997 US sells fighter jets to Taiwan The
  pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party
  wins municipal elections
• 1999 Lee announced that Taiwan enjoyed a special
  state-to-state relationship with China. This
  statement of implied state sovereignty angered
  Beijing
• Lee backs away from the statement but talks
  between China Taiwan are cut off

18
Taiwan Today

• 2000 Chen Shui-bian of the DPP is elected
  president
• Chen has softened his partys call for a
  sovereign Republic of Taiwan said he will not
  declare independence unless Taiwan come under
  military attack.
• 9/3/02 President Chen Shui-bian reasserted that
  the Republic of China is an independent and
  sovereign country
• saying that under no circumstances would Taiwan
  accept "one China"or "one country, two systems"
  and sacrifice the freedom, democracy and human
  rights of its 23 million people.

19
Hong Kong - History

• 1840s, Opium Wars, the root of British colonial
  imposition in Hong Kong
• 1897, British seized the new Territories,
  including Hong Kong
• 1898, 99 year British lease on the island of
  Hong Kong
• 1960 1990, Transforming Hong Kong into one of
  the worlds most developed financial centers

20
Hong Kong - History

• 1910 1980, China undergoing its Communist
  Revolution and Cultural Revolution.
• 1983 1984, Beginning of negotiation between
  China and Britain, marking the beginning of the
  15 year transition period for the return.
• 1984, Sino-British Join Declaration was
  registered in the UN international treaty.
• July 1, 1997 Hong returned to Chinese control
  under the status of Special Administrative Region
  (SAR).

21
Hong Kongs Present Strategic Significanceone
country, two systems

• Hong Kong Plays a major role in Chinas economic
  development.
• Hong Kong Companies investment in China and the
  territory has been an important catalyst in the
  economic relations between China and many of its
  trading partners, such as US, Japan, and Taiwan.

22
Hong Kongs Present Strategic Significanceone
country, two systems

• Hong Kong bridge between China and the rest of
  the world
• Information gathering premier information and
  intelligence gathering post for Western powers on
  developments in China.
• Western Military Present
• Trading entreport and shipping center Worlds
  8th largest trading entity.
• Information gathering premier information and
  intelligence gathering post for Western powers on
  developments in China.
• Technology acquisition important conduit for the
  acquisition of advanced western technology for
  China.
• Mainland investment inflows and outflows
• Go-between in China-Taiwan relations
• Funding economic growth in S. China

23
Hong Kongs International Importance
24
The Strategic Financial Economic Implication

• China possibly acquiring Hong Kongs financial
  assets.
• State owned enterprises listing on the Hong Kong
  stock market.
• Hong Kongs contribution to Chinas defense
  modernization
• Mainland Chinese companies taking advantage of
  liberal western policies on the export of
  high-technology items to Hong Kong to obtain
  sensitive technology that is prohibited for sale
  to China.

25
Hong Kongs Political Assimilation and Implication

• one country, two systems
• Beijing played a prominent role behind the scenes
  in deciding the line-up of the SAR power
  structure and heavily influencing many of its
  policies, especially these related to political
  freedoms and public order.
• Chinese officials have strongly hinted that
  Beijing will restrict press freedoms and limit
  the right of free expression, especially against
  political and labor organizations.
• Possible harsh international condemnation,
  especially from Western countries.
• Sino-U.S relations.

26
The Future of Hong Kong

• Hong Kongs return to Chinese sovereignty will
  help to accelerate the shift in Chinas strategic
  outlook.
• Hong Kongs role as an international financial
  center will boost Chinas economic development.
• Hong Kong Asias city for the cyber century
• Cyberport laying the groundwork to take the
  advantage of the e-revolution.
• Science Park Electronics, IT, biotechnology, and
  precision engineering.

27
Falun Gong-an introduction(also known as Falun
Dafa)

• Background of Qi Gong
• - similar to yoga
• - tolerated by Chinese government
• - when add the spiritual element, tolerance
  ceases to exist
• Falun Gong founded in 1992 by Li Hongzi
• Li was exiled from China, currently living in U.S.

28
What is Falun Gong?

• Center of spiritual and physical energy
• Xie Lian (exercises)
• Purpose To awaken the universal energy of
• Falun, ensuring well-being
  and supernatural powers.
• Xin Xing (spiritual discipline) key values
• Khen Truthfulness
• Shan Benevolence
• Rhen Forebearance

29
What is Falun Gong?

• Law of Karma and reincarnation
• Stress tribulations
• Recognize gracious deities and demonic forces
• Must practice BOTH Xiu Lian and Xin Xing
  together, or viewed as demonic.

30
How does the Chinese government perceive the
Falun Gong?

• Five official religions of China Buddhism,
  Daoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism.
• Falun Gong is an EVIL Cult!
• 1999 Chinese campaign against the Falun Gong
• 10,000 followers reacted with a peaceful
• demonstration outside the Zhongnanhai
• July 19, 1999 police raid, hundreds arrested,
• some must serve 18 year prison sentences.
• Others committed to psychiatric wards
• Millions of books and tapes publicly burned
• Internet blocked
• Request Li Hongzi to be extradited and arrested
• Oct, 2000, Chinese president Jiang Zemin declares
  
• Falun Gongs goal is to overthrow government
  and
• undermine socialism.

31
The Falun Gong today

• 453 documented cases of beating and torturing
  followers.
• Falun Gong claim over 1600 followers have died
  while under police custody.
• Chinese government denies this figure and adds
  that the organization for at least 1900 deaths
  due to suicide or refusing medical treatment.
• Now, many of Chinese followers are underground.
• Worldwide, all followers use only non-violent,
  peaceful, legal means of appealing, demonstrating
  the fundamental principle of peace and
  compassion.