DoD Climate Programs Brief to the CCSPO 31 July 2002

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DoD Climate ProgramsBrief to the CCSPO31 July
2002

• Dr. James Andrews
• Office of Naval Research

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DoD RELIANCE Basic Research Plan Defense Techni
cal Area Plans
BATTLESPACE ENVIRONMENT
Terrestrial Sciences
Ocean Battlespace Sciences
Upper Atmosphere Space Sciences
Lower Atmosphere Sciences
NB DoD does not do Climate Change Research.
But DoD research intersects the Climate Change P
rograms in areas of sensors, observations,
models, and databases.
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Service-Specific Interests Terrestrial Sciences
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Service-Specific Interests Ocean Sciences
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Service-Specific Interests Atmospheric and Space
Sciences
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Service-Specific Interests and Commonality in
Atmospheric and Space Sciences
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Program Inventory
High Latitudes Program Marine Meteorology Cl
imate Science and Modeling Interagency Baseline
Databases to support climate research
Integrated Surface Hourly Data Set (FNMOD Ashevi
lle) Master Environmental Library Satellite
Sensor programs Tri-agency (DOD, NOAA, NASA) Sa
tellite Sensors, the National Polar-orbiting
Operational Environment Satellite System
(NPOESS)
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• Arctic Change
• Observed and Forecasted
• Submarine data reveal a 40 decrease in arctic
  sea ice volume.
  
• Satellite passive microwave data since the 1970s
  demonstrate a decrease in sea ice extent of 3
  per decade. Model data suggest that a sea ice
  thickness decrease of 30 and an ice volume
  decrease between 15 and 40 by 2050.

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Atmosphere and Space ST

• Rationale for Investment
• The environment affects all aspects of Naval
  operations. These programs cover fundamental,
  mechanistic studies to understand the physical,
  chemical and dynamic processes in the ocean,
  atmosphere and space
• Links to Naval applications and predictions
  (feeds TDA development)
  
• Investigate the processes that will provide new
  knowledge to develop predictive models of the
  maritime environment (e.g. coupled
  atmosphere-ocean models)
• Process studies to improve the accuracy of
  existing prediction systems (e.g. NOGAPS)
  
• Thrusts
• Marine boundary layer processes, coastal
  phenomena, tropical cyclones, atmospheric
  predictability, effects on EM/EO propagation
  
• Remote sensing, oceanography, meteorology, space
  sciences
  
• Goal is to develop improved predictive
  capabilities for environmental parameters that
  affect naval operations

KEY Driver Linkage to operational systems help
guide ST strategy
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Lower Atmosphere Program Integration
Basic Research 6.1
Exploratory Development 6.2
Demonstration Validation 6.4
Operational Transitions
High Resolution Met. Models
Atmospheric Dynamics Tropical Cyclone Dynamics C
oastal Meteorology
Atmospheric Predictability
Global Prediction
Data Fusion Assimilation
Atmospheric Analysis Prediction Atmospheric Mo
dels
Data Assim/Analysis Sensing Sensors
Env. Assessment Characterization
Mesoscale Prediction
Virtual Atmosphere
Chem/Bio Models
Atmospheric Effects Assessment EM Propagation E
O Propagation
Coastal Characterization
Shipboard Visualization Analysis
TDAs Simulation Visualization
Marine Boundary Layer Atmospheric Aerosols Air-S
ea Fluxes Marine Stratus Boundary Layer Structur
e
System Development
Sensor Demonstration Validation Engineering
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Marine Meteorology
Program Objectives

• Understand, sense, and predict atmospheric
  parameters critical to USN and USMC platform,
  sensor, and weapon performance.
  
• Develop real-time, high-resolution techniques to
  enhance environmental support for operations,
  training, mission planning, and system
  development.
• Focus on support to tactical sensors and
  world-wide littoral zone operations.
  
• Customers SPAWAR (PMW155), CNMOC, NAVSEA
  (PMS400), NAVAIR (TAMPS/JSOW), STRATCOM, CIA,
  DTRA, NOAA

Program Highlights

• Systematic approach to Tropical Cyclone
  fore-casting and NOGAPS cumulus cloud
  parameterizations resulted in best-ever WESTPAC
  Tropical Cyclone forecasts.
• Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System
  (NAAPS).
  
• Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST)
  Departmental Research Initiative (DRI)

African Sandstorm 23 Feb 2001
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Where are we going?

• Coupled air-sea modeling
• Aerosols and radiation (EO, dynamics NWP)
• NOGAPS SkyHi (extend global skill beyond 5 days)
• Remote sensing of atmospheric parameters (exploit
  satellite data assimilation radar DA)
  
• NOWCAST (push mesoscale modeling to higher
  resolution, faster time steps, on-scene, custom
  applications)
  
• METOC support to CBD, TBMD, Flight Ops, Strike
  Warfare, etc.
  
• Tactical Environmental processor for AEGIS radar
  (would give USN the worlds most powerful
  atmospheric sensing capability)
  
• Sub-seasonal climate prediction

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MOODS Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set
8 million temperature profiles
2 million salinity profiles global multiple sou
rces, since 1870 (some source data p
roprietary)

• MOODS Restricted to DOD
• 25 Restricted Data
• 75 Public Domain Data
• 1988 MOA with NODC for
• Regular Exchange of Data.
• All MOODS Public Domain Data
• Available through NODC.

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GDEM Generalized Digital Environmental Model
Gridded T and S Profile Climotology. Monthly
Means and STDDEVs. Sound Speed computed on extrac
tion.
GDEM 2.5
From MOODS to GDEM 3.0 (Not Profile Averaging)
1. Evaluate MOODS profiles. 2. Grid minimize sl
ope on constant depth surfaces with vertical
gradient corrections. 3. Modify Salinity use T/
S relationships to compensate for data sparsity.
4. Adjust T/S to achieve stable density profile.
5. Store in NETCDF format
GDEM is Public Domain NAVOCEANO htt
p//pdas.navo.navy.mil/ MEL http
//mel.dmso.mil/browse/Product.html
NAVOCEANO by special request, a 4
CD/ROM set.
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MOODS GDEM DOD Applications
Bottom Depth Correction SONAR Performance Predict
ion Target Ranging and Detection ASW /
USW Mine Hunting Passive Surve
illance System Development Testing Har
dware Acoustic Oceanographic Modeling
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Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) Database, A
New Resource for Global Climate Data
FEDERAL CLIMATE COMPLEX U. S. Navy, U. S. Air F
orce,
and Department of Commerce
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Why ??

• Multiple data sources difficult to use
• -- Differing formats
• -- Differing time conventions (LST, GMT)
• -- Differing station numbering systems
• Need to make servicing more efficient
• Need for additional quality control
• Need for easier access and summaries

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The Results. 20,000 Stations Historically as
early as 1900 to PresentVersion 1 Version 2 -
complete
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Master Environmental Library

• DMSO
• http//mel.dmso.mil/
• The mission of MEL is to provide direct and
  timely access to natural environment information,
  data, and products, wherever they reside. This
  includes non-geospatial data such as models,
  algorithms, and documents, as well as basic
  environmental data. MEL is currently focused on
  DoD modeling and simulation users, but is
  accessible to other DoD, federal, commercial, and
  academic communities as well.
• For the warfighters, MEL supports a common
  interoperable view of the battlespace for mission
  planning, rehearsal, and execution.
  
• For the DoD decision makers, MEL supports
  modeling simulation for training, analysis, and
  acquisition, thereby helping to streamline and
  optimize these processes.
• The goal of MEL is to become the "One-Stop
  Environment Shop", where all DoD, and non-DoD,
  users can remotely access and request
  environmental resources to satisfy their diverse
  individual needs.

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MEL Resource Sites
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MEL Source Sites

• Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, Site status
  Current
  
• National Geophysical Data Center, Site status
  Current
  
• Air Force Weather Information Network, Site
  status Current
  
• Environmental Scenario Generator, Site status
  Current
  
• Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment, Site status
  Current
  
• National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Site status
  Current
  
• Air Force Combat Climatology Center, Site status
  Current
  
• MSU Engineering Research Center, Site status
  Current
  
• Naval Oceanographic Office, Site status
  Current
  
• Simulation DataBase Facility, Site status
  Current
  
• NASA Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center,
• Site status Candidate
• U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground, Site status
  Candidate
  
• Army Research Laboratory, Site status Inactive
  
  
• U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center,
• Site status Inactive

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Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere
Ionosphere with the ARGOS Satellite
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Thermosphere Ionosphere - an Ideal Laboratory
to Look for the First Signs of Global Change

• The Earths thermosphere is composed mostly of
  N2, O2 and O which are not IR active and cannot
  radiate away heat deposited from the Sun
  
• Major sink of heat is downward conduction where
  CO2, CH4 and O3 in the lower atmosphere can
  radiate to space
  
• At solar maximum thermospheric temperatures reach
  1200 K 1800 K
  
• There are no known feedback mechanisms in the
  upper atmosphere so a doubling of CO2 and CH4
  (which might cause a 1-2 K change at the surface)
  will lead to a cooling of 90K in the
  thermosphere (Roble, NCAR)
• The ionosphere would drop 20km globally
• High altitude odd nitrogen (NO, N) chemistry
  balance would shift by 500 or more
  
• This cooling will cause the neutral density to
  decrease by 70 or more at some altitudes

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SERDP Sponsored DoD Satellite Instruments

• Strategic Environmental Research and Development
  Program (SERDP) funded the Naval Research
  Laboratory (NRL) to build ultraviolet remote
  sensing instruments
• NRL built limb-scanning spectrographs and
  limb-imagers for flight on the DoD Space Test
  Program Advanced Research and Global Observation
  Satellite (ARGOS)
• High Resolution Air Glow/Aurora Spectroscopy
  (HIRAAS) experiment
  
• Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI)
• ARGOS Satellite launched February 1991

ARGOS
HIRAAS
GIMI
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Status of ARGOS Satellite Mission

• HIRAAS GIMI measured profiles and images of
  airglow emission from the thermosphere
  ionosphere (N2, O, O, NO, Mg, Fe, N T))
  
• Data analysis is underway to help determine the
  thermospheric ionospheric baseline density
  temperature distribution from which to look for
  the first signs of global change

HIRAAS Electron Densities
HIRAAS O/N2 Density Ratios
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NPOESS

• The National Polar-orbiting Operational
  Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) merges
  Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of
  Commerce (DOC) meteorological satellite systems
  into a single national asset.
• NPOESS Mission
• Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting,
  environmental remote-sensing capability
  
• Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings
  by converging DoD, and DOC/NOAA satellite
  programs
  
• Incorporate new technologies from NASA
• Encourage international cooperation

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NPOESS SENSORS

• Visible/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
  cloud cover/ water vapor
  
• Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS) water vapor
• Conical MW Imager/Sounder (CMIS) water vapor
• Ozone Mapper/Profiler Suite (OMPS) - ozone
• GPS Occultation Sensor (GPSOS) scintillation in
  ionosphere
  
• Space Environmental Sensor Suite (SESS) on
  orbit environment
  
• Aerosol Polarimeter (new) - aerosols
• Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) In
  development by NASA, will provide global
  observations of temperature and moisture
  profiles at high temporal resolution
• Earth Radiation Budget Sensor (NASA)
• Solar Radiation Budget Sensor (NASA)
• Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) In development by
  NASA

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Backup
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Proposal and Funding

• ESDIM and OGP
• Federal Climate Complex datasets
• -- NCDC US surface hourly - includes all
  Navy and Marine Corps
  
• -- USAF global surface hourly synoptic
• -- NCDC US hourly precipitation
• Full period of digital record
• Merge into one global database

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NAVY Involvement

• Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment Asheville
• Providing funds and IT personnel support in
  FY 2001 and FY 2002
  
• To Produce Online Data Summaries - Static
  Tables On-Demand Summaries -
  Future Graphs of Data Summaries

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WHAT WE DO Serve the modeling and simulation
community as subject matter experts for air and
space natural environment modeling and simulation
databases including relevent standards, dynamic
processes, and other applications.
OUR MISSION Enable modeling and simulation deve
lopers and users to represent the air and space
natural environment rapidly, thoroughly, and
consistently in a manner that promotes
cost-effectiveness, ready access,
interoperability, re-use, and confidence.
BACKGROUND The Department of Defense was involv
ed in modeling and simulation activities for many
years. Recent economic constraints and
technological improvements have resulted in a
strong, renewed commitment to modeling and
simulation as the pathway to improved
capabilities and decision making. An important
aspect of this renewed commitment is to
incorporate the effects of the natural
environment (air, space, ocean, and terrain) into
modeling and simulation activities.
OUR DOMAIN The air and space natural environmen
t encompasses the atmospheric, near-space, and
interplanetary environments. It extends from the
surface of the earth, through the troposphere,
stratosphere, upper atmosphere, radiation belts,
and interplanetary medium, to the surface of the
sun. The natural environment includes effects and
impacts caused by human activities (like smoke
and dust from explosions or fires) but not those
activities that cause the effects or impacts
(like tanks, aircraft, etc.)
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Air Force Weather Agency

• Air Force Weather Agency provides weather data
  for the Air Force. Through MEL, we provide
  subsets of current atmospheric aircraft,
  satellite, surface, upper-air observations and
  some forecast data.

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Environmental Scenario Generator

• The Environmental Scenario Generator is intended
  to provide an integrated, physically consistent
  environmental data set meeting a Modeling and
  Simulation (MS) customer's requirements for an
  authoritative and realistic representation of
  atmospheric, oceanic, and/or space natural
  environment elements for specified regions, time
  frames, and conditions.

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Fleet Numerical Meteorology Oceanography
Detachment Asheville
The Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library
(OAML) The Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (S
MGC), Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks (GTCT),
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone Tracks
(NHECT) and the Upper Air Gridded Climatology
(UAGC) data sets are available through this
linked page with a proper UserID/Password. After
obtaining a UserID/Password and accessing the
data set link, users will be prompted with a
download registration page. This page must be
completed and submitted as a means of notifying
us that you have accessed the restricted area.
Note OAML data sets are restricted to ALL domai
ns. To access and download the OAML data sets
customers must submit a request using the
instructions. A unique userid and password will
be issued pending approval.
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Mississippi State UniversityEngineering
Research Center
NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for
Computational Field Simulation (CFS) was
established at Mississippi State University in
1990. Its mission is to enhance the global
competitiveness of U.S. industry by reducing the
time and cost for performing complex field
simulations for engineering analysis and design.
Through MEL, we provide ADCIRC, HRW, NCSST,
MCSST, WAM, STWAVE, NSSM and bathymetry data etc.
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Naval Oceanographic Office
Providing support to the Joint Warfighters in
all mission areas, NAVOCEANO provides an
outstanding array of products and services,
backed by one of the world's largest
supercomputing centers and the world's largest
oceanographic library. The data used in
generating these products are collected by
airborne, surface, and subsurface platforms
deployed worldwide. Our products are tailored to
the warfighter's needs and used to support
virtually every type of Fleet operation. In many
ways we make things safer for the Navy and
provide more information for the warfighters.
Through MEL, we currently provide, Princeton
Ocean Model and SWAFS data.
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NGDC's mission is data management in the broadest
sense. We play an integral role in NOAA's enviro
nmental research and stewardship,
and provide data services to users worldwide.
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National Imagery and Mapping Agency

• The National Imagery and Mapping Agency's
  mission is to provide timely, relevant, and
  accurate imagery, imagery intelligence, and
  geospatial information in support of national
  security objectives. Through MEL, it provides
  CADRG, DTED0, DTOP, VMAP data, etc.

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Naval Research LaboratoryMonterey
NRL Monterey is the only scientific center in
the Navy to be wholly dedicated to atmospheric
research. NRL Monterey stores data from numerical
weather prediction models and satellite products.
Through MEL, we provide COAMPS, DAF, GFDN,
NOGAPS, OTIS, SILS, TOPS, and WAM data, supplied
by FNMOC, and GOES satellite imagery.
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Simulator Database Facility

• Simulator DataBase Facility provides computer
  simulator databases in SIF, OpenFlight, Target,
  ES4000, ES450 formats.
  

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ADVANCED CLIMATEMODELING ENVIRONMENTAL
SIMULATIONS

• ACMES is a project that AFCCC uses to produce
  high-resolution climatological information for
  any region in the world especially in regions
  where existing surface observational data are
  sparse or non-existent. This is done by running
  a numerical mesoscale model, using historical
  climatological data, to produce hourly data for a
  10-year period of record at horizontal
  resolutions of 44 km and 11 km, typically. This
  hourly data is then summarized into standard
  climatological products.