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Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Crops

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Corn earworm/tomato fruitworm. Thresholds. Economic Threshold ... Tomato Fruitworm. Monitor with pheromone trap. Bt is effective at controlling young larvae. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Crops


1
Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Crops
  • Karen Delahaut
  • Senior IPM Outreach Specialist

2
Integrated Pest Management
  • A decision-making tool that utilizes all
    available pest management strategies to prevent
    economically-damaging pest outbreaks and reduces
    the risks to human health and the environment.

3
Biointensive IPM
  • A systems approach to pest management based on
    the understanding of the pests ecology.
  • Must detect pests early and identify them
    accurately.
  • Uses preventative practices as a first line of
    defense.
  • Only uses reduced risk pesticides after all
    other tactics have failed.

4
Regular Monitoring
  • Visual Observations
  • Sweepnet Sampling
  • Trapping
  • Environmental Monitoring

5
Visual Observation
  • Exposed-feeding insects
  • Beneficial insects and parasitism
  • Plant diseases
  • Weed populations
  • Environmental disorders
  • Improper cultural practices

6
Sweepnet Sampling
  • Monitors small insects
  • Covers a wide area efficiently

7
Pheromone Traps
  • Monitors adult populations of Lepidopterous
    insects.
  • Species specific
  • Armyworms, cutworms, corn earworm

8
Blacklight Traps
  • Monitors nocturnal moths
  • Non-specific
  • European corn borer, some loopers, cutworms,
    armyworms, stalk borers

9
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10
Dishpan Trap
11
Weather Monitoring
12
Degree Days
  • Degree days are a unit of measure for each degree
    above a base temperature during a 24 hour period.

13
Migration Monitoring
  • Aster leafhopper
  • Potato leafhopper
  • Corn earworm/tomato fruitworm

14
Thresholds
  • Economic Threshold
  • Aesthetic Threshold

15
Methods of Control in an IPM Program
  • Cultural
  • Physical/Mechanical
  • Biological
  • Chemical

16
Cultural Control
17
Physical/Mechanical Control
  • Uses physical barriers to prevent pest outbreaks.
  • Environmental modification.

18
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19
Biological Control
  • Uses natural enemies to regulate insect pests.

20
Predators
21
Parasitoids
22
Pathogens
23
Chemical Control
  • Problems with pesticides
  • Secondary pest outbreaks
  • Pest resurgence
  • Pesticide residues
  • Effects on non-target organisms

24
Key Pests
  • Diseases or insects that annually pose a problem.
  • Persist or dominate control practices.

25
Stress The Unnoticed Pest
  • Science (volume 218, October 1982)
  • Average yield 21.6
  • Diseases resulted in a 4.1 yield reduction
  • Insects resulted in a 2.6 yield reduction
  • Weeds resulted in a 2.6 yield reduction
  • Environment resulted in a 69.1 yield reduction

26
Tomato Pests
  • Early blight/Septoria
  • Late blight
  • Verticillium/Fusarium wilts
  • Tomato fruitworm (aka corn earworm)
  • Tomato hornworm
  • Aphids

27
Early Blight
  • Crop rotation of 2 years
  • Sanitation to remove diseased material
  • Plastic mulch to prevent soil and spores from
    splashing onto the leaves
  • Adequate nitrogen

28
Septoria Leafspot
  • Crop rotation of 2 years
  • Sanitation
  • Plastic mulch to prevent soil from splashing onto
    plant.
  • Stake plants to prevent contact with soil.

29
Late Blight
  • Destroy cull piles of potatoes or tomatoes.
  • Eliminate weed hosts such as nightshade.
  • Plant disease-free transplants.

30
Verticillium/Fusarium Wilts
  • Plant resistant varieties VFN

31
Tomato Fruitworm
  • Monitor with pheromone trap.
  • Bt is effective at controlling young larvae.

32
Tomato Hornworm
  • Monitor frequently
  • Populations rarely reach threshold levels.
  • Hand removal
  • Bt

33
Aphids
  • Scout weekly
  • Natural controls often effective.
  • Insecticides may be necessary.

34
Pepper Pests
  • Bacterial spot speck
  • Aphids
  • European corn borer

35
Bacterial Spot Speck
  • Crop rotation of 2 years
  • Use treated seed
  • Dont go into wet fields.
  • Copper-containing pesticides

36
Green Peach Aphids
  • Scout weekly
  • Natural controls often effective.
  • Insecticides may be necessary.
  • Watch out for insecticide resistance.

37
European Corn Borer
  • Keep pepper plantings away from field and sweet
    corn fields.
  • Remove grassy weeds from field edges.
  • Monitor with blacklight traps.

38
Cole Crop Pests
  • Clubroot
  • Black rot
  • Caterpillar complex
  • Imported cabbageworm
  • Diamondback moth
  • Cabbage looper
  • Cabbage maggot
  • Aphids
  • Fleabeetles

39
Clubroot
  • Plant on well-drained soils with a pH 7.2
  • Crop rotations of 7 years.

40
Black Rot
  • Crop rotations of 3 years
  • Resistant cultivars
  • Hot water seed treatment

41
Caterpillar Complex
42
Caterpillar Management
  • Avoidance with early spring and late summer
    plantings.
  • Monitor for cabbageworm butterflies.
  • Floating row covers to exclude pests.
  • Bt to control populations that exceed the
    threshold.
  • Parasitic wasps
  • Trichogramma for ICW
  • Cotesia for CL DBM

43
Cabbage Maggot
  • 300 DD43, 1476 DD43, 2652 DD43 Transplant 1
    week before or 3 weeks after peak emergence.
  • Monitor adult flies with dishpan traps.
  • Cover plants to exclude adults.

44
Cabbage Turnip Aphids
  • Monitor regularly
  • Biorational pesticides such as insecticidal soap

45
Fleabeetles
  • Plant in mid-June to avoid damage.
  • Floating row covers to exclude fleabeetles.

46
Lettuce Pests
  • Aster Yellows
  • Bottom Rot Sclerotinia Drop
  • Cucumber Mosaic Virus
  • Aster Leafhopper
  • Aphids

47
Aster Yellows
  • Eradicate overwintering hosts.
  • Plant lettuce away from grain and grass crops.
  • Regular insecticides to control leafhoppers.
  • Row covers to exclude leafhoppers.

48
Bottom Rot
  • Crop rotations of 3 years
  • Plant on well-drained soils or in raised beds.
  • Adequate plant spacing to improve air
    circulation.
  • Some resistant varieties.

49
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
  • Control weed hosts
  • Control aphid vectors
  • Early spring crops may escape infection

50
Aster Leafhopper
  • Monitor migration into Wisconsin.
  • Protect with insecticides or row covers.
  • No cure for aster yellows infections once they
    occur.

51
Onion Pests
  • Botrytis neck rot leaf blight
  • Purple blotch
  • Onion maggot
  • Thrips
  • Aster leafhopper

52
Botrytis neck rot leaf blight
  • Crop rotations of 2 years
  • Eradicate weedy hosts, particularly wild onion.
  • Destroy infected plant debris.

53
Purple Blotch
  • Avoid overcrowding and provide adequate air
    circulation.
  • Avoid excess nitrogen.
  • Crop rotation of 4 years

54
Onion Maggot
  • 680 DD40, 1950 DD40, 3230 DD40 - Plant as late as
    possible to avoid 1st generation.
  • Monitor adults with dishpan traps.
  • Eliminate volunteer onions and culls.

55
Onion Thrips
  • Reduce weedy habitats.
  • Difficult to control with insecticides because of
    their protected location in the base of the
    leaves.

56
Aster Leafhopper
  • Monitor migration into Wisconsin.
  • Protect with insecticides or row covers.
  • No cure for aster yellows infections.

57
Strawberry Pests
  • Tarnished plantbug
  • Strawberry bud weevil
  • Strawberry leafroller
  • Black root rot
  • Leaf spot, scorch, blight
  • Grey mold

58
Tarnished Plantbug
  • Most serious insect pest of strawberries.
  • Floating row covers hold insect in.
  • Vegetation-free strip around the bed and keep the
    beds weed-free.
  • Dont mow grassy areas or cut alfalfa until after
    harvest has begun as the insects will migrate
    into strawberries.
  • Insecticidal soap?

59
Strawberry Bud Weevil
  • Often not an economic pest.
  • Remove wild brambles from nearby fencerows and
    woodlots.
  • Eliminate vegetation in fencerows.
  • Most varieties will compensate for damage

60
Strawberry Leafroller
  • Monitor populations with pheromone traps.
  • Bt effective if applied before leaf-folding
    occurs.

61
Strawberry DiseasesGeneral Recommendations
  • Pathogens and diseases build up over time renew
    plantings and rotate into sites where
    strawberries havent been grown
  • Plant in well-drained, light soils
  • Irrigate early in the day to promote drying of
    foliage
  • Purchase plants from a reputable source
  • Where possible, choose varieties resistant to the
    major diseases

62
Black Root Rot
  • Avoid planting in heavy, compacted soil
  • Protect plants during winter with adequate straw
    cover
  • Renew plants and rotate into sites where
    strawberries have not been grown

63
Leaf Spot, Leaf Scorch, and Leaf Blight
  • At harvest, mow with blade set high rake leaves
    and remove from the area
  • Irrigate early in the day to promote drying of
    foliage
  • Purchase plants from a reputable source
  • Where possible, choose varieties resistant to
    leaf diseases

64
Gray Mold
  • Promote rapid drying by
  • maintaining narrow, widely-spaced rows running
    parallel to prevailing winds
  • irrigate in the morning for less than 2 hours at
    a time
  • controlling weeds
  • avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization which
    promotes dense growth
  • Apply a fungicide during bloom, and if wet
    weather persists, as fruit ripen

65
For More Informatoin
  • http//ipcm.wisc.edu
  • Power point presentations of vegetable insects
    and disease.
  • Fact sheets on vegetable insects (diseases
    available in late 2002).
  • Links to useful websites on vegetable production
    and pest management.
  • Growing in Wisconsin series
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