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Person Centered Therapy

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Title: Person Centered Therapy


1
Person Centered Therapy
  • EDCE 655
  • Theories Techniques II

2
Carl Rogers (1902 1987)
  • Born Oak Park, Illinois
  • Initially studied theology and was a pastor in
    small church in Vermont
  • Became Clinical Educational Psychologist
  • Taught at Columbia University
  • Liked the work of Otto Rank
  • First to systematically analyze therapy via
    recording sessions analyzing transcripts of
    sessions also did a great deal to contribute to
    outcome research
  • Received the APA Distinguished Scientific
    Achievement Award for his research in 1956.
  • The client knows better to how to proceed than
    the therapist

3
Carl Rogers (1902 1987)
  • Humanistic Psych.
  • Open to change
  • Warm close family relations
  • Strict Religious standards
  • Play discouraged
  • Lonely childhood
  • Majored in Agriculture to history to religion to
    clinical psych.
  • Child Guidance Center Rochester, NY from
    1928-1939
  • U. of Wisconsin, U. or Chicago, Ohio State
    University (1939 1963)
  • Center for the Studies of the Person - 1968

4
Carl Rogers (On Becoming a Person)
  • "...In my early professionals years I was asking
    the question How can I treat, or cure, or change
    this person? Now I would phrase the question in
    this way How can I provide a relationship which
    this person may use for his own personal growth?"

5
History of Person-Centered Therapy
  • Developed by Carl Rogers
  • Otto Rank major impact on the development of
    Rogers view on the uniqueness creative
    abilities of the individual
  • Elizabeth Davis student of Rank major
    influence on the dev. Of Rogers view of
    responding almost entirely to the feelings being
    expressed
  • First works were IDd while Rogers was a
    Professor of Psych. at Ohio State University
  • Wrote Counseling and Psychotherapy in the mid-50s
    which helped to articulate his concept on a large
    scale
  • Rogers continued his work in the areas of
    Client-Centered Therapy until his death in
    February of 1987

6
Rogers Basic System About People
  • Trustworthiness
  • Ability to understand themselves and solve their
    problems without a counselors direct intervention
  • Having the capacity to promote self-directed
    growth in a therapeutic situation
    (client-centered)

7
Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
  • Intervene on the clients incongruent experiences
  • If the client perceives and experiences the
    following, change can occur
  • Empathy
  • Unconditional Positive Regard
  • Congruence
  • Implied Therapeutic Conditions of the following
  • Psychological contact
  • Client anxiety or incongruence
  • Openness on the part of the client

8
Three Counselor Qualities
  • Congruence
  • Unconditional Positive Regard
  • Empathic Understanding

9
6 Conditions in the Counselor / Client
Relationship
  • 2 persons are in psychological contact
  • The client is experiencing incongruency
  • The counselor is congruent or integrated in the
    relationship
  • The counselor experiences unconditional positive
    regard or real caring for the client
  • The counselor experiences an empathic
    understanding of the clients internal frame of
    reference endeavors to communicate this
    experience to the client
  • The communication to the client of the
    counselors empathic understanding and
    unconditional positive regard is to a minimal
    degree achieved.

10
Therapeutic Sequence
  • The client goes through a process of change that
    include
  • Examines problems and takes responsibility for
    action
  • Experiences emotions in the immediacy of the
    therapy
  • Accepts responsibility of self, formerly denied
  • Raises general level of self regard

11
Limitations Criticisms
  • There is more to the counseling process than
    listening and reflecting
  • A full integration of this theory may not be
    applicable to all populations or a variety of
    different diagnoses.

12
  • 5 I strongly agree with this statement
  • I agree, in most respects, with this statement
  • I am undecided in my opinion about this statement
  • I disagree, in most respects, with this statement
  • I strongly disagree with this statement
  • _____ 1 At a persons deepest core is a
    socialized, forward-moving being striving to
    become a fully functioning self
  • _____ 2 People have the capacity for
    understanding their problems and the resources
    for resolving them
  • _____ 3 The basic goal of therapy is to create a
    psychological climate of safety wherein clients
    will not feel threatened and will this be able
    to drop their pretenses and defenses
  • _____ 4 The counselors function is rooted not
    primarily in techniques but in his or her ways of
    being and attitudes
  • _____ 5 Effective counselors use themselves as
    instruments of change, for they must encounter
    the client on a person-to-person level
  • _____ 6 The client uses the therapeutic
    relationship to build new ways of relating to
    others in the outside world
  • _____ 7 The client can make progress in therapy
    without the counselors interpretations,
    diagnoses, evaluations, directives
  • _____ 8 The relationship between counselor and
    client is the crux of progress in therapy
  • _____ 9 the counselors genuineness, accurate
    empathy, unconditional positive regard are
    essential qualities of effective therapy
  • _____ 10 When people are free, they will be able
    to find their own way
  • _____ 11 Forming a diagnosis and developing a
    case history are not important prerequisites for
    therapy
  • _____ 12 It is important that a counselor avoids
    being judgmental about the clients feelings
  • _____ 13 Therapeutic change depends on clients
    perceptions, both of their own experience in
    therapy and of the counselors basic attitudes.

13
7 Behavior Strands - Rogers Rablen (1958)
  • A scale which could be used to measure the stage
    on the process continuum at which a client was
    operating
  • 1st Stage Communication about externals
  • 2nd Stage Feelings are sometimes described but
    as unowned past objects external to self
  • 3rd Stage There is much description of feelings
    and personal meanings which are not now present
  • 4th Stage Feelings personal meanings are
    freely described as present objects owned by the
    self
  • 5th Stage Many feelings are freely expressed in
    the moment of their occurrence and are thus
    experienced in the immediate present
  • 6th Stage Feelings previously denied are now
    experienced both with immediacy and acceptance
  • 7th Stage The individual lives comfortably in
    the flowing process of his experiencing

14
Modern Rogerian Encounter Skills Pattern (MRESP)
  • According to A Ivey (1988) the MRESP primarily
    emphasizes the use of Listening Skills and to
    somewhat lesser degree Influencing Skills
  • In the Gloria Interview session Rogers spoke
    29.9 of the time and Gloria spoke 71.1 of the
    time. According to Weinrach (1990) one would have
    expected Rogers, using person-centered approach,
    would have talked far less then a client, which
    was the case in Gloria.
  • The counselor using MRESP would be expected to
    make frequent use of the following
  • Frequent Common Occasional
  • Paraphrase (11/9) Confrontation
    (10/8) Interpretation (36/28)
  • Reflection of feelings ((8/6) Encouragers
    (6/5) Advise (6/5)
  • Self-disclosure (6/5) Summarization
    (0) Questions (6/4)
  • Feedback (5/4)
  • Reflection of Meaning (4/3)
  • If Rogers performance had been consistent with a
    counselor using a MRESP, Rogers would have used
    the skills in the Reflection of Meaning for more
    frequently. Both the paraphrase and reflection of
    meaning focus on content as opposed to affect.
    Rogers devoted 15 of his time to the combined
    use of these two skills as compared to the 8 he
    devoted to reflection of feeling represents a
    major discrepancy between what would be expected
    and what was found.
  • One would have expected Rogers to have made more
    use of encourages, and it is interesting to point
    out no use of summarization

15
Genuineness Congruence
  • Counselor is real, integrated authentic during
    therapy session
  • Inner experience outer expression of counselor
    match
  • Openly express feelings and attitudes
  • Honest communication is facilitated by expression
    acceptance of both positive and negative
    feelings
  • Counselors serve as a model
  • Counselors must take responsibility for their
    feelings
  • Congruence exists on a continuum

16
Unconditional Positive Regard
  • Counselors need to communicate a deep genuine
    caring prizing of the clients as a person
  • Acceptance of the client must be non-judgmental
    warm
  • Counselors caring should be non possessive
  • It is not possible for counselors to genuinely
    feel acceptance and unconditional caring at all
    times

17
Empathy Accurate Empathic Understanding
  • Counselors need to understand clients
    experiences and feelings sensitively and
    accurately as they are expressed during the
    therapy session in the here and now
  • Accurate empathy goes beyond recognition of the
    obvious to recognition of the less clearly
    experienced feelings of the clients
  • Empathy is a deep subjective understanding of
    the client with the client
  • Empathy is a sense of personal identification
    with the clients experience
  • Counselors must maintain their seperateness

18
Person-Centered Theory The 11 Basic Issues
  • 1. Biological /or Social Determinants developed
    around a strong biological core
  • 2. Number Weights Assigned to Motivational
    Concepts actualizing tendency is innate
  • 3. Psychological /or Reality Environment we
    live in a world with multiple realities
    individual perceptions of reality
  • 4. Early /or Continuous Development Critical or
    Significant Life Stages No specific
    developmental stages through which we must pass
  • 5. Importance of Role Assigned to Self-Concept
    positive regard from others leads to self regard
    results in a fully functioning individual
  • 6. Conscious /or Unconscious Determinants of
    Behavior believes the unconscious represents
    another doorway to self knowledge
  • 7. Conditioning /or Freedom to Choose Behavior
    the more we conquer inner fears, the more we
    increase self regard overcome conditions of
    worth
  • 8. Explanation of Learning self initiated, self
    directed, self evaluated, self rewarded. Freedom
    to think, feel, act, etc. must be present
  • 9. Uniqueness /or Commonality as human beings,
    we all have things in common. As individuals, we
    select, perceive, and process information
    differently
  • 10. Importance of Group Membership we need
    strive for positive regard from others. Formal
    groups are important
  • 11. Importance of Reward we are interested in
    one kind of reward self-reward, inner
    satisfaction

19
Doris Leaving Her Husband Child
Doris comes to a community counseling center at
the recommendation of a friend, who expresses
concern that Doris intends to leave her child.
The friend thinks she is confused and needs
professional help. Some Background Data Doris
was born and reared in Arkansas. Her father is a
reformed alcoholic who drank heavily when the
client was a child. Both parents are religious,
and the father is described as a strict
fundamentalist. Doris has a younger brother who
is now an enlisted man in the Army and is
described as the family favorite. Doris says her
parents were stricter with her than with their
son and emphasized the importance of marriage as
well as the womans dependent and inferior role
in that relationship. Doris is a sweet girl who
dropped out of high school in the 10th grade. She
worked as a manicurist in Arkansas until marrying
and moving to Kentucky 3 years ago. She then
worked as a waitress. Her husband says that they
have had no fights or arguments during their
3-year marriage, and the client agrees. 6 months
ago Doris gave birth to a baby boy. There were no
medical complications, and Doris maintains that
she adjusted well to the baby, but she reports
just not being able to feel much of anything
except tired. 2 months ago Doris and her husband
moved to Houston so that he could join an amateur
band. She began working as a cashier at a
drugstore. In the course of her work she began to
have a series of brief sexual affairs with fellow
workers as well as customers. At the same time,
although her husband is happy with the band, he
has not been able to find steady a job. He has
asked her to try to find a second job or take
overtime hours at the drugstore. Doris is
considering leaving her husband and her child,
although she is uncertain how she would continue
to support herself financially. She is also
concerned with what would happen to her son,
because her husband has no means of support. She
insists that she does not want to take the child
with her.
20
Doris Leaving Her Husband ChildQUESTIONS FOR
REFLECTION
  • Would you be inclined to accept Doris as a
    client? Do you think that you could empathize
    with her situation? Explain.
  • What is your attitude about her wanting to leave
    her husband and her child? What are you values on
    this matter, and how would they influence the way
    you would work with her?
  • Would you want to see Doris and her husband
    together? Would you want to see him individually?
    See her individually? See them on an individual
    basis and also as a couple? Explain your
    rationale, showing what you would probably focus
    on in each instance.
  • Assume that Doris asked you for your advise
    regarding her plan to leave her husband and
    child. What would you say? To what degree do you
    think Doris can function without advice?
  • If you accepted Doris as a client, in what ways
    do you think you could be of most help to her?
  • Are there feelings about herself and her husband
    that Doris is currently unwilling to accept? How
    would a person-centered approach help with
    acceptance of feelings and with denied parts of
    the self?
  • By staying with a person-centered framework, do
    you feel that you could respond to her in a way
    you would like? Do you feel limited by this
    theory in any way? If so, How?
  • What are some of the advantages of working with
    Doris within a person-centered framework?

21
Don, Who is Sure He Has to Prove Himself
Don, an Air Force officer, comes to see me on the
basis of a referral from a military doctor. He
consulted with the physician because of
continuing heart pains. Even though he is only in
his mid-30s, he has had 2 mild heart attacks.
These resulted in his being hospitalized and
required that he take a sustained period off
work. He is about 30 pounds overweight, has very
high blood pressure, suffers at times from
angina, and develops severe headaches that are of
a chronic nature under stressful conditions. His
physician insisted that, if he was interested in
continuing to live, he would have to learn how to
relax and meet stress in more constructive ways.
Because his physician was convinced that Dons
psychological characteristics and the perpetual
stress he was under called for psychology as well
as medical treatment, he was referred to me.
22
Follow-Up You Continue as Dons Counselor
  • How do you see Don? What do you see as the major
    themes of his life that need to be focused on and
    explored more fully? How do you personally
    respond to him?
  • Assume that I were to refer Don to you for
    continued counseling (in the person-centered
    style). How do you imagine that it would be for
    you to work with him? How might a person such as
    Don relate to you?
  • Assume that you will be seeing Don for at least
    six more sessions, what are some specific issues
    that you most want to explore? How might you go
    about doing this with him?
  • This approach was characterized by by listening
    and responding to him rather than by my active
    and directive intervention with therapeutic
    procedures and techniques. Do you think you would
    feel comfortable in staying in such a role as
    mine in your work with Don? Why or why not? Are
    there other techniques that you might want to
    introduce?
  • Don is driving himself relentlessly, and his body
    is telling him that he will probably kill himself
    if he does not change. Can you think of anything
    you might do or say to him to increase the
    probability that he will pay attention to the
    messages his body is sending him?
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