Unit One Geography: It

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Unit OneGeography Its Nature and Perspectives

• Chapter One Introduction to Human Geography

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Major Divisions of Systematic Geography Physical
Geography VS Human Geography
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The Five Themes of Geography

• Derived from the spatial perspective of
  geography.
• Variations amongst geographic phenomenas across
  space.

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LOCATION

• Answers the questions where and why.

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Absolute Location

• The exact location of something based on latitude
  and longitude A formal mathematical measurement.
• Is a fixed location Does not change.

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Relative Location

• Describes a place in relationship to other human
  and physical features.
• Usually this is done using a landmark of sorts.
• Are not set in stone, rather these locations
  frequently change
• For example Where is the ASC Residence?
• Old The 4th floor of the Jes. Res. Building.
• New Across from Marquette High on the corner of
  33rd and Michigan.

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Human-Environment Interactions

• The relationship between humans and the physical
  world.
• Addresses the Cultural Landscape.
• All human-induced changes that involve the
  surface and the biosphere.

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Environmental Determinism Theory (Alexander von
Humboldt and Carl Ritter)

• States that human behavior is affected by and/or
  controlled/determined by the environment.
• Physical environment causes social development.
• NOT A GOOD THEORY Why?

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POSSIBILISM THEORY

• Counter-theory to ED Theory.
• States that the natural environment serves to
  limit the range of choices available to a
  culture.
• BUT, people have the means/resources to work
  around these limitations and adjust their
  environments.

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PLACE

• A specific point on the earths surface
  distinguished by a particular characteristic.
• Could be a cultural feature, physical processes,
  landforms/geo. features.

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PLACE Cont

• Perception of Place
• The view one creates about a specific place, even
  though the person has never been there.
• based on images, stories, and media, etc.
• For example Columbia.
• PASS OUT MAPS

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Region

• Areas of unique characteristics.
• Way of organizing people geographically.
• Unity based off of cultural landscape.

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Distinctive Characteristics

• The area covered (spatially).
• The location.
• The boundaries.
• visible/tangible (or not)
• Can be pre-determined.
• Also impacted by culture, economics, politics,
  and physical landscape.

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Types of Regions

• Formal Region (uniform region)
• Functional Region (nodal region)
• Vernacular Region (perceptual)

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Overlapping Formal and Functional Regions
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Vernacular Regions
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MOVEMENT

• The mobility and interconnection of people,
  ideas, services, and goods across the planet.
• Dependent upon distances, accessibility, and
  connections.

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MOVEMENT Cont

• Diffusion
• The process of spreading something from one
  place/person to another.
• Types of Diffusion
• Cultural
• Expansion
• Contagious, Hierarchical, and Stimulus
• Relocation
• Acculturation
• Transculturation

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Diffusion
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Forces that inhibit diffusion

• Time-Distance Decay
• The longer something has to travel, the less
  likely it will make it there.
• Cultural Barriers
• Prevailing attitudes, traditions, or taboos.

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Key ConceptsCore-Periphery

• Core
• U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia
• Wealthy
• Powerful
• Controls Media and Finance
• Technologically advanced

• Periphery
• Less Developed
• Poor
• Dependent upon Core countries for
• Education
• Technology
• Media
• Military Equipment

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NEW TOPIC Understanding Maps

• Reference Maps
• Thematic Maps

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Upside Down World

• http//www.flourish.org/upsidedownmap/hobodyer-lar
  ge.jpg

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Reference Maps

• Show location of places as well as geographic
  features.
• Show the absolute location of something.
• Map creation aided by GPS
• Global Positioning System
• Satellite system that can identify the absolute
  location of a place or feature.

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Thematic Layer Maps

• Are story telling maps.
• Show the degree of an attribute or movement of a
  geographical phenomena.
• Are qualitative (characteristic) or quantitative
  (amount of).
• Created Using GIS
• Geographic Information System

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SCALE

• The representation of real world phenomena at a
  certain level of reduction or generalization.
• The ratio between the size of an area on a map
  and the actual size of that same area on the
  earths surface.

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Ways To Express Scale

• Representative Fraction
• Word Statement
• Graphic Scale

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SCALE Cont

• Large Scale
• Shows a smaller piece of earth with greater
  detail.
• RF is usually between 11-150,000
• Small Scale
• Shows a larger piece of earth with less detail
• This is often very inaccurate because the degree
  of generalization is great.

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SCALE Cont

• BEWARE OF THE FALLACY OF TRUTH!
• One scale may not be true at a different scale.

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