NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA TODAY CHAPTER 4

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NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA TODAY CHAPTER 4
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Section 4-1North Africa (pages 100104)
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Did You Know???

• A common misconception about the Sahara, the
  worlds largest desert, is that a majority of its
  3 1/2 million square miles is covered by sand.
  Most of this land, which is roughly equal to the
  size of the United States, is covered by rocky
  plateaus and gravelly plains, not sand.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• A. Egypt is about the same size as Texas and New
  Mexico together, yet most of it is desert.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• B. The Nile River supplies 85 percent of the
  countrys water.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• C. Dams and channels control the rivers flow and
  its use for farming and generating electric
  power.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• D. The Suez Canal is one of the worlds most
  important waterways. Ships use the canal to pass
  from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea,
  thereby avoiding traveling all the way around
  Africa.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• E. About 40 percent of Egypts people work in
  agriculture raising sugar cane, grains,
  vegetables, fruits, and cotton.

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I. Egypt (pages 100101)

• F. Egyptian factories make food products,
  textiles, and consumer goods. Egypts main energy
  resource is oil. Another important industry is
  tourism.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• A. Except for the coastal lowlands, Libya is a
  desert with only a few oases. An oasis is a green
  area in a desert fed by underground water.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• B. The Sahara covers more than 90 percent of
  Libya.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• C. Libya has no permanent rivers, but aquifers
  lie beneath the vast desert. Aquifers are
  underground rock layers that store large amounts
  of water.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• D. Poor soil and a hot climate mean that Libya
  has to import about three-fourths of its food.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• E. The discovery of oil in Libya in 1959 brought
  the country great wealth.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• F. Almost all of Libyas 5 million people have
  mixed Arab and Berber heritage. Eighty-six
  percent of Libyans live along the Mediterranean
  coast.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• G. Libya is a Muslim country, and most of its
  people speak Arabic.

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II. Libya (pages 101102)

• H. In 1969 a military officer named Muammar
  al-Qaddhafi overthrew the king and became a
  dictator. For many years, the United States and
  other democratic nations have accused Qaddhafi of
  encouraging terrorism.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• A. Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco form a region
  known as the Maghreb. These three countries make
  up the westernmost part of the Arabic-speaking
  Muslim world.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• B. Tunisia is North Africas smallest country.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• C. Tunisian farmers grow wheat, olives, fruits,
  and vegetables. Fishing is also an important
  industry. Tunisian factories produce food
  products, textiles, and oil products. Tourism is
  a growing industry.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• D. Tunisias largest city today is Tunis, the
  capital city of more than 1 million people.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• E. Algeria is the largest country in North
  Africa.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• F. Algeria must import much of its food, which it
  pays for by selling oil and natural gas.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• G. Algeria became a French possession in 1834, so
  many people in Algerias cities speak French as
  well as Arabic. In 1962, Algeria won its freedom
  from France.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• H. Today, Algeria is a republic, with a strong
  president and a legislature. Since the early
  1990s, however, there have been conflicts between
  the government and Muslim political parties.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• I. Farmers in Morocco grow sugar beets, grains,
  fruits, and vegetables for sale to Europe during
  the winter. Morocco is a leading producer of
  phosphates, used in fertilizers. Tourism is also
  important to Morocco.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• J. Moroccos traditional culture is based on
  Arab, Berber, and African traditions.

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III. The Maghreb (pages 102104)

• K. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy.

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Notes 4-2Southwest Asia Turkey and Israel
(pages 105108)
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Did You Know???

• Turkey is home to some of the oldest permanent
  human settlements. In Çatal Hüyük, Turkey,
  archaeologists have unearthed some of the oldest
  known examples of pottery, textiles, and
  plastered walls. Some of these artifacts date
  back to 7000 B.C.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• A. Turkey has a unique locationit bridges the
  continents of Asia and Europe. Three important
  waterwaysthe Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and
  the Dardanellesseparate the Asian and European
  parts.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• B. Turkeys climate varies throughout the
  country, from hot, dry summers and cold, snowy
  winters in the central plateau to hot, dry
  summers and mild, rainy winters on the coast.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• C. Turkish farmers grow cotton, fruits, and
  wheat, and raise livestock. Turkey has many
  mineral resources such as coal, copper, and iron.
  Tourism is also a growing industry.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• D. About 98 percent of Turkeys nearly 66 million
  people are Muslims.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• E. The Kurds, an ethnic group who make up about
  20 percent of Turkeys people have demanded their
  own independent state.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• F. Almost 70 percent of Turkeys people live in
  cities or towns.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• G. Istanbul began as a Greek port called
  Byzantium. Later it was renamed Constantinople.
  When the Ottomans conquered the city in the
  1400s, they renamed it Istanbul.

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I. Turkey (pages 105106)

• H. Turkey has been a member of the North Atlantic
  Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1952 and is
  seeking to join the European Union.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• A. Israel is completely in Southwest Asia, but
  was founded by immigrants who came in large part
  from Europe, Central Asia, and the United States.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• B. Israel includes the mountains of Galilee, the
  Golan Heights, the Dead Sea, the desert of Negev,
  and the Jordan River.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• C. Israels best farmland stretches along the
  Mediterranean coastal plain and produces citrus
  fruits, such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• D. In very dry areas, Israel uses computers to
  release specific amounts of water from
  underground tubes to the roots of plants. As a
  result of technology, Israels farmers are able
  to export some food to other countries.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• E. Some Israelis live in farm settlements called
  kibbutzes, where property is shared. Other people
  live in moshavs where they share in farming,
  production, and selling, but may own private
  property as well.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• F. Israels skilled workforce produces electronic
  products, clothing, chemicals, food products, and
  machinery. Diamond cutting and polishing is also
  a major industry.

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II. Israel (pages 107108)

• G. Eighty percent of Israels people are Jews and
  the other 20 percent are Palestinians, who are
  Arabic. There are many conflicts between these
  two groups.

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Notes 4-3Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Arabia
(pages 110114)
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Did You Know???

• The northern segment of the Jordan Valley, known
  in Arabic as the Ghor, is Jordans most fertile
  region. It contains the Jordan River and extends
  from the countrys northern border south to the
  Dead Sea. Several degrees warmer than the rest of
  the country, its year-round mild climate, fertile
  soils, higher winter rainfall, and extensive
  summer irrigation have made the Ghor the food
  bowl of Jordan.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• A. Syrias land includes fertile coastal plains
  and valleys along the Mediterranean Sea, and vast
  deserts covering the eastern regions.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• B. Agriculture is Syrias main economic activity.
  Farmers raise mostly cotton, wheat, and fruits.
  The Euphrates River provides water for irrigation
  as well as hydroelectric power.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• C. Almost half of Syrias 16 million people live
  in rural areas. A few are Bedouinsnomadic desert
  people who follow a traditional way of life.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• D. Damascus, the capital, is one of the oldest
  continuously inhabited cities in the world. It
  was founded more than 5,000 years ago.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• E. Islam has deeply influenced Syrias
  traditional arts and buildings.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• F. Syria became an independent country in 1946.

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I. Syria (pages 110111)

• G. Since the 1960s, one political party has
  controlled Syrias government, and it does not
  allow many political freedoms. As of May 2000,
  Syria was one of seven nations named by the U.S.
  government as being state sponsors of terrorism.

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II. Lebanon (pages 111112)

• A. Because Lebanon is so small, you can swim in
  the warm Mediterranean Sea, then play in the snow
  in the mountains, both in the same day.

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II. Lebanon (pages 111112)

• B. More than 80 percent of Lebanons nearly 4.1
  million people live in coastal urban areas.

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II. Lebanon (pages 111112)

• C. About 70 percent of the Lebanese are Arab
  Muslims and most of the rest are Arab Christians.
  Conflict between these groups led to a civil war
  lasting from 1975 to 1991.

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II. Lebanon (pages 111112)

• D. Arabic is the most widely spoken language.
  French is also an official language because
  France ruled Lebanon until its independence in
  the 1940s.

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III. Jordan (page 112)

• A. Jordan stretches from the fertile Jordan River
  valley in the west to dry rugged country in the
  east

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III. Jordan (page 112)

• B. The country lacks water resources, but small
  amounts of irrigated farmland lie in the Jordan
  River Valley.

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III. Jordan (page 112)

• C. Jordan also lacks energy resources. Most
  people work in service and manufacturing
  industries.

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III. Jordan (page 112)

• D. Most of Jordans 5.2 million people are Arab
  Muslims. They include more than 1 million
  Palestinian refugees.

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III. Jordan (page 112)

• E. Jordan became independent from Great Britain
  in 1946 and now has a constitutional monarchy.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• A. Saudi Arabia is the largest country in
  Southwest Asia.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• B. The country is covered by vast deserts and has
  no rivers or permanent bodies of water.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• C. Saudi Arabia holds about 25 percent of the
  worlds oil and the nation belongs to the
  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC). Today the 11 OPEC countries supply more
  than 40 percent of the worlds oil. By increasing
  or reducing supply, they are able to influence
  world oil prices.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• D. Oil has helped Saudi Arabia boost its standard
  of living. Aware that someday its oil will run
  out, the government is trying to broaden its
  economy through industry and agriculture.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• E. The capital and largest city, Riyadh, sits
  amid a large oasis in the center of the country.

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IV. Saudi Arabia (pages 113114)

• F. Makkah (Mecca), in western Saudi Arabia, is
  Islams holiest city. About 2 million Muslims
  from around the world visit Makkah each year.

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Notes 4-4Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan (pages
122125)
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Did You Know???

• Iraqis eat a varied diet that includes
  vegetables, rice, flat bread, meat, fish, and
  dates. Bread and rice are the main foods at many
  meals. Grilled lamb, chicken, and fish are
  popular. Sanbusak, a traditional Iraqi dish,
  consists of moon-shaped dough stuffed with cheese
  or meat. Popular beverages in Iraq include tea,
  coffee, and fruit juices.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• A. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the major
  geographic features of Iraq.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• B. Between the two rivers is an alluvial plainan
  area that is built up by rich fertile soil left
  by river floods. Most farming takes place there.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• C. Oil is the countrys major export.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• D. About 70 percent of Iraqs 23.6 million people
  live in urban areas.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• E. Muslim Arabs make up the largest group in
  Iraqs population. The second largest group
  consists of another Muslim people, the Kurds, who
  want to form their own country.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• F. In 1958 the last king was overthrown. A recent
  leader, Saddam Hussein, was a dictator who ruled
  with an iron hand.

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I. Iraq (pages 122123)

• G. In 1990, partly because of a dispute over oil,
  Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait. By April of
  1991, at the end of the Persian Gulf War, a
  United Nations force led by the United States
  pushed Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.

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II. Iran (page 124)

• A. Iran is an oil-rich nation, but is trying to
  become less dependent on oil earnings.

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II. Iran (page 124)

• B. It has limited supplies of water, and less
  than 12 percent of its land can be farmed.

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II. Iran (page 124)

• C. More than half of Irans 66.1 million people
  are Persians, not Arabs or Turks. They speak
  Farsi, or Persian.

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II. Iran (page 124)

• D. Nearly 98 percent of Irans people practice
  some form of Islam.

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II. Iran (page 124)

• E. In 1979 Muslim religious leaders overthrew the
  last monarchy, and Iran now has an Islamic
  republic, a government run by Muslim religious
  leaders. The government has introduced laws based
  on its understanding of the Quran and have
  forbidden many western customs.

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III. Afghanistan (page 125)

• A. Afghanistan is a landlocked nation mostly
  covered with the rugged peaks of the Hindu Kush
  mountain range.

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III. Afghanistan (page 125)

• B. The countrys 26 million people are divided
  into about 20 different ethnic groups.

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III. Afghanistan (page 125)

• C. After a Soviet invasion, followed by civil
  war, the Taliban took control of the government,
  enforcing strict Islamic religious laws.

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III. Afghanistan (page 125)

• D. In October 2001, the United States accused the
  Taliban of supporting terrorists and began
  bombing Taliban forces.

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III. Afghanistan (page 125)

• E. By mid-November the Taliban government had
  collapsed and the United States began to work
  with local leaders to form a new government.