Chapter 17 The Uneasy Peace

1
Chapter 17 The Uneasy Peace

• Focus Questions
• How did the Soviet communistic view of the world
  differ from the American democratic view, and how
  did each attempt to further those views?
  

2
The Cold War Begins

• An Iron Curtain Falls
• U.S. and Soviet Union
• worlds two dominant
• powers after WWII
• Deep mistrust

3
An Uneasy Alliance Reasons for Mistrust

• Soviets
• Soviets resented the U.S. for trying to intervene
  in their 1917 revolution and for refusal to
  recognize the Soviet government until 1933
  
• Soviet propaganda stirred up fears of American
  capitalism
  
• Stalin upset about Allies delay
• in launching second front
• during WWII

4
An Uneasy Alliance Reasons for Mistrust (cont.)

• United States
• America feared communism world revolution
• Past Soviet agreements w/ Germany (WWI,
  non-aggression pact)
  
• Feared Stalins history of
• bloody attacks on his
• own people

5
Two Views of the World

• Soviets
• Soviets faced WWII devastation
• 20 million dead, 4.7 million homes, 2,000 towns,
  and 70,000 villages destroyed ? 25 million people
  seeking new homes
  
• Wanted to permanently weaken Germany and rebuild
  their economy
  
• Soviets also wanted to create a
• ring of pro-Soviet nations at their
• western border for protection

6
Two Views of the World (cont.)

• United States
• Came out of WWII more powerful (50 of worlds
  wealth)
  
• Envisioned a free, peaceful world (democratic,
  free trade)
  
• Mission build a free world w/ U.S. leading the
  way

7
The Yalta Conference

• February 1945, Big Three talk about postwar
  issues
  
• Big Three concerns
• Churchill (Great Britain) ? hoped to save British
  Empire, Europes future
  
• Stalin (Soviet Union) ? protect his borders,
  rebuild the S.U.
  
• Roosevelt (U.S.) ? spread
• of democracy and free
• trade, Soviet help in the
• Pacific

8
Big Three Agreements

• Stalin agreed to join fight against Japan after
  Germany surrendered
  
• Soviets agreed to support the United Nations
  (U.N.) ? international peace-keeping body
  
• Each nation would control part of Germany its
  troops held at end of WWII
  
• FDR and Churchill agreed to Soviet influence in
  Eastern Europe if they held free elections

9
Truman Comes to Power

• April 12, 1945, Harry Truman became President
• New to foreign affairs, Truman had to deal w/
  unknown power system emerging
  
• April 25, 1945 ? 50 countries met to draft United
  Nations charter
  
• U.N. purpose maintain international peace and
  security
  
• U.S. hopes for the U.N. self-determination for
  all countries
  
• Soviets wanted control of Eastern European
  countries
  
• Truman responded to Soviet failure to hold
• elections

10
Meetings at Potsdam

• Truman, Stalin, Churchill meet in July 1945
• Truman continued hard-line approachlearned of
  atomic bomb
  
• Agreement on Germanys fate
• Germany disarmed and war
• industries dismantled
• Germany divided into 4 zones
• Western half ? British, French,
• U.S. control
• Eastern half ? Soviet control
• Capital of Berlin ? divided into 4 zones, each
  nation
  
• Each occupying nation could take war payments
  from their zone
  
• Division of Germany showed 2 camps ? U.S. led vs.
  Soviet led

11
Containment

• Mistrust between Truman and Stalin grew
• Soviets continued oppression/control of Eastern
  Europe
  
• 1946, U.S. loaned to Great Britain, but not the
  Soviets
  
• Stalin declared that capitalism was dangerous and
  stated he would stop trade w/ the West and build
  an arsenal

12
Containment (cont.)

• American Diplomat in Moscow, George Kennan,
  advised a policy of containment of Soviet
  expansion
  
• Restrict communism to its current borders
• Winston Churchill supported
• containment in his Iron Curtain
• speech given in Missouri
• Warned people should join
• forces against the Soviet threat

13
Cold War Is Declared

• Cold war ? conflict between U.S. and Soviets in
  which the two powers would avoid fighting each
  other directly but would block each others goals
  around the world
• The Truman Doctrine
• U.S. must help all free people who were
• resisting attempted subjugation by
• armed minorities or outside
• pressures ? Soviets and communism
• February/March 1947, Truman blocked Soviet
  influence in Greece and Turkey
  
• Defined U.S. foreign policy for the next 20 years
  ? fight communism

14
The Marshall Plan

• U.S. plan to help rebuild Europe by spending
  billions of in aid w/ the agreement that is
  spent on American goods
  
• Aid destroyed countries to so they resist
  communism, while maintaining European markets for
  America
  
• (Spread of communism to Czechoslovakia, Feb. 48)
  Congress passed plan ? 17 billion in aid over 5
  years
  
• Success ? increased Western Europes production
  and weakened possible communist growth

15
The Cold War Deepens

• Berlin Crisis
• Fears between U.S. and the
• Soviets grow
• Berlin proved to be a
• battleground for the cold
• war

16
Goals for Germany

• United States ? strong Germany to promote
  recovery of Western Europe and contain communism
  
• Soviet Union ? powerless Germany that couldnt
  attack

17
Goals for Germany (cont.)

• U.S., Britain, France ? rebuild the western
  Germany
  
• Economy
• Free West German state
• June 1948 ? new currency
• Soviets (Potsdam - treat Germany as one country)
  ? scrap new currency or accept Soviet currency to
  eastern zone and all of Berlin

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Showdown in Berlin

• June 23, 1948, Soviets declared new currency,
  including all of Berlin
  
• Soviet troops blockaded West Berlin shut off
  electricity
  
• Stalin ? force Allies into giving up plans or
  surrender Berlin to the Communists

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Airlift Saves Berlin

• Truman ordered supplies (food, blankets, coal,
  etc.) to be flown into W. Berlin
  
• 11 months of flights ? 277,000 flights, 2 million
  tons of supplies
  
• Wartime German/American hatred faded
• Stalins blockade turned popular opinion against
  him and towards
  
• the U.S.
• Berlin ? symbol of U.S.
• fight against communism

20
Airlift Saves Berlin (cont.)

• W. Germany Federal Republic of Germany ? May
  49
  
• October 49 German Democratic Republic of
  Eastern Germany
  
• Borders now tight between
• east and west

21
Allies Form NATO

• Military support for Western Europe created in
  April 1949
  
• U.S., Canada, 10 European nations formed the
  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  
• Truman called it a trip-wire ? Soviet invasion
  of W. Europe U.S. military
  
• Military buildup in the U.S.
• 1955, Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact ?
  Soviet/Eastern Europe alliance

22
NATO and Warsaw Pact
United States, Canada, and Iceland were also
members of NATO
23
Civil War in China

• China ? U.S. ally
• Jiang Jieshi ? Nationalist govt. leader
• Mao Zedong ? Communist forces leader
• Jiangs success important?
• Strong anti-Communist govt. in China ? trade
  partner, block Soviet control in Asia
  
• Misconceptions about China by the U.S.

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Civil War in China (cont.)

• George Marshall met w/ Jiang and Mao for
  resolution ? both wanted sole power
  
• Truman supports the Nationalists w/ 3 billion in
  aid
  
• Jiang ignored the problems of his govt. ? Mao
  wins
  
• Peoples Republic of China ? failure to contain
  communism
  
• U.S. increased effort of containment in Asia

25
The Arms Race Begins

• Arms race competition for military power
• National Security Council Report NSC-68
• Suggested massive buildup of weapons to stay
  ahead of Soviets
  
• Massive defense system 3x ? in spending to a
  13 billion budget
  
• Korean War convinced Congress

26
Korean War

• End of WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel
• Communist govt. in the north pro-Western govt.
  in the south
  
• Both wanted to reunite Korea
• June 25, 1950 90,000 N. Korean troops attacked
  overrunning Seoul
  
• Truman Responds
• Test of containment ? sent air and naval forces
  w/o Congressional approval sought U.N. aid
  
• U.N. Security Council voted to give aid

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Korean War Military Timeline

• Summer 1950 - N. Korean army forced U.N. troops
  down to Pusan
  
• U.N. air forces then led heavy air attacks
• Gen. MacArthur landed troops at Inchon, freed
  Seoul, and drove N. Koreans back to the 38th
  parallel
  
• November, MacArthur pinned N.K. against Chinese
  border
  
• Mao warned and then sent Chinese soldiers in and
  pushed U.N. troops back across the 38th and
  recaptured Seoul
  
• War was a stalemate

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Korean War Military Timeline (cont.)

• MacArthur asked for permission for full war
  (denied) ? criticized Trumans limited war ?
  containing the conflict and avoiding nuclear
  weapons
• April 1951 ? Truman fired MacArthur
• July 1951 ? Peace talks begin
• Fighting and talks continued until
• 1953settled by President
• Eisenhower

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The Korean Wars Impact

• Korean War settled little, but had far-reaching
  effects border set close to original line
  
• 2 million civilians killed and a long lasting
  bitterness
  
• Convinced Americans to begin massive military
  buildup
  
• 22.3 billion in 51 to 50.4 billion in 53
• U.S. emerged w/ an army of 3.5 million, overseas
  military bases, and powerful new weapons (B-52
  bomber)
  
• U.S. nuclear stockpile in 1953 up to 750
  warheads
  
• Trumans independent action ? the power of the
  presidency w/ a precedent of undeclared war
  (Didnt seek Congressional declaration of war)

31
Cold War in the Atomic Age

• August/September 1949 Truman receives evidence of
  a Soviet nuclear bomb

32
Living With Fear

• Two nuclear powers in the world
• Lost sense of security in the U.S.
• Media tries to soften panic w/ advice, but raises
  fears w/ descriptions
  
• Truman created the Federal Civilian Defense
  Administration (FCDA)
  
• To calm public fears ? books posters how to
  survive a nuclear attack

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Living With Fear (cont.)

• Creation of bomb shelters other enterprises
  capitalize on hysteria
  
• Americans belief on preventing nuclear war?
• More and better bomb than Soviets ? Truman
  agreed
  
• January 1950 Truman orders development of
  hydrogen bomb
  
• 1st tested in late 52 Mike
• Cloud 100 miles wide,
• 25 miles high ? mile
• long crater in the ocean

34
Eisenhower Elected

• Elected in Nov. 1952 w/ troops in Korea growing
  of atomic bombs
  
• Seemed like perfect leader ? I like Ike

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Eisenhower in Korea

• Promised to bring the Korean war to an early and
  honorable end.
  
• Visited the front and decided talks were the only
  way out
  
• Threat of using nuclear weapons to demand talks
• Stalins death in 53 aided the peace
  talksuncertainty for Soviet allies
  
• July 1953 U.N. and Communist delegates signed
  agreement split Korea in two

36
Eisenhower and Dulles

• Ike turns focus to the cold war and arms race
• Selected John Foster Dulles as Sec. of State
• Hold line on communism and
• advise him on Middle East
• and Asia
• 40 years of experience in
• foreign relations fiercely
• anti-Communist

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A New Strategy

• Eisenhower and Dulles took a comprehensive look
  at the cold war
  
• Ikes decisions on the cold war
• Rely on air power and nuclear weapons vs. costly
  armies and navies to fight limited wars ? the New
  Look
  
• New Look required a new way of fighting
  communism
  
• Massive retaliation ? If Soviet Union attacked
  any nation, the U.S. would launch an instant
  nuclear attack by means and at places of our own
  choosing.
• Brinksmanship ? never backing down from a crisis,
  even if it meant pushing to the brink of war
  
• U.S. could stay out of small wars (big ) w/ this
  policy

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A New Strategy (cont.)

• Ikes decisions on the cold war (cont.)
• To back up the new policy, U.S. circled the
  Soviets and Chinese w/ military bases and allies
  
• Dulles worked out mutual defense treaties w/ 43
  countries
  
• Dangers of massive retaliation
• U.S. had only 2 extreme ways of responding to
  Communist attack ? nuclear battle or nothing
  
• Soviets also spending big on nuclear weapons
  research production
  
• Churchill called it a new balance of terror

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Eisenhower Wages Peace

• Ike knew he had to be tough w/ the Soviets, but
  knew nuclear war was pointless
  
• Mutually assured destruction
• Looked for ways to disarm atomic weapons
• Invited friendly relations w/ Soviets following
  Stalins death
  
• Appealed to nuclear disarmament and costs of
  massive buildup
  
• Went to U.N. w/ atoms for peace plan ? use
  atomic materials for peaceful purposes

40
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)

• As peace talks went on, tests continued
• Hydrogen bomb Bravo was the biggest tested,
  caused radioactive fallout in the area ? new fear
  for people miles away from a potential nuclear
  blast
• Geneva Talks
• Soviet and Western leaders agree to talk in
  Switzerland
  
• No big agreements, but symbolized restart of
  talks between the powers

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The Deep Freeze Returns

• Geneva broke the ice, 1955 56 cold war seemed
  to be thawing
  
• Khrushchev condemned Stalins crimes against the
  Soviet people
  
• Spoke of possible peace between capitalists and
  communists
  
• Communists may even be open to variations of
  communism
  
• Khrushchevs words inspired some in Eastern
  Europe to seek new freedoms
  
• Hungary tried to leave the Warsaw Pact and become
  neutral
  
• Khrushchev sent in Soviet troops and stopped the
  uprising (Nov. 56)

42
Sputnik Fires the Arms Race

• Arms raced flared up again
• August 1, 1957 Soviets test 1st successful
  intercontinental missile
  
• October 4, 1957 Soviets launched Sputnik, a
  satellite, into orbit
  
• Sputnik sent U.S. arms race into high gear
• ? spending on missile development
• Created National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration (NASA)
  
• Congress gave to Defense Dept. to build
• B-52s, submarines w/ nukes, install
• short-range missiles in Europe, and fund
• scientific education

43
Protests Slow Testing

• Pressure for arms control was building
• Fallout scare and continued research into
  radioactive dangers
  
• SANE created Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
  (57)
  
• Nevil Shutes novel On the Beach helped fuel
  fear of nuclear policy (57)
  
• U.S. and Soviets agreed to 1963 Test Ban Treaty
  banned tests in the atmosphere

44
The Military-Industrial Threat

• Although testing changed, U.S. Soviets
  continued to stockpile weapons
  
• New threat in the U.S. ? interwoven military
  establishment and arms industry
  
• Eisenhower warns Americans at his Farewell Speech
  in 1961
  
• Threat of too much power/cooperation between
  decision makers of defense and those profiting
  from production (war profiteering)

45
A New Battleground

• Summer of 1953 Eisenhower worried about Iran
• Importance of Iran to the U.S.
• Iran bordered the Soviet Union
• Held some of the richest oil
• reserves in the world

46
New Worlds to Conquer

• Emerging nations after WWII
• Developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and
  Africa
  
• Free w/o loyalty to the U.S. nor the Soviet Union
  
  
• 37 new countries ? new cold war battleground

47
United States Interests

• Winning loyalty was crucial to Eisenhower
• Natural resources markets
• Containment help
• Eisenhower and Dulles worried that if left alone
  the Soviets would gain influence

48
The Views of Emerging Nations

• Wanted no part of outside control
• Resentment for the U.S.
• U.S. focused on protecting investments and
  military bases
  
• U.S. methods to win friends?
• Foreign aid ()
• Covert operations ? Central Intelligence Agency
  (CIA)

49
The CIA Joins the Fight

• CIA was created by President Truman
• Intelligence gathering
• 1947 ? National Security Act ? created CIA and
  National Security Council (NSC)
  
• Reported directly to the President
• CIA gained powers spy and carry out covert
  operations
  
• Quick, controversial action in trouble
• spots by President w/o congressional
• approval

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The CIA Joins the Fight (cont.)

• Early mission ? spy on Soviets help European
  democracies
  
• 1949 Congress gave CIA power to spend unlimited
  amounts of w/o telling anyone but the Director
  of the CIA
  
• Ex bribe overseas politicians, hire secret
  armies, plot assassinations
  
• CIA grew in size and role (map pg. 589)

51
The CIA and the Shah

• CIA overthrows a government ? Iran
• End of WWII ? the Shah (king) parliament ruled
  Iran
  
• Shah ? Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
• Battle over oil fields
• 1951, Dr. Mohammed Mossadeg led the effort for
  Iran
  
• Mossadeg became Prime Minister and pushed a bill
  through nationalizing the oil fields (declaring
  them property of Iran)
  
• British shut down the refineries
• Devastated Irans economy

52
Eisenhower Steps In

• Eisenhower Iran breeding ground for communism
• Protect the oil supply ? keep the Shah, get rid
  of Mossadeg
  
• Ordered CIA to engineer Mossadegs overthrow
• AJAX ? get support for the Shah, sign a decree
  deposing Mossadeg

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The CIA Operation

• Bad start ? Shah got nervous, fled Tehran, didnt
  sign decree
  
• Roosevelt found him and had him sign it
• Mossadeg learned of the plot, announced it
• When U.S. threatened to pull out, Mossadeg order
  a stop to the violence
  
• August 19th Coup (1953)
• Roosevelt organized Iranian agents overthrew
  Mossadeg
  
• Shah returned victorious
• Western oil companies signed an agreement to
  buy/sell Iranian oil and share profits w/ the
  Shah
  
• AJAX success for the CIA ? but, Iranian hatred
  of the U.S.

54
War in Egypt

• Egypt showed Ike the dangers of developing
  countries
  
• 1953, Egypt independent
• 1954, Arab nationalist General Nasser demanded
  control of the Suez Canal ? wanted collect from
  tolls
  
• Nasser also wanted to build a dam
• Dulles offered help
• Nasser made an arms deal w/ the Soviets ? Dulles
  canceled the help
  
• Nasser seized the Suez Canal (July 56)
• October 56 ? Israel, Britain, and France invaded
  to seize the canal
  
• U.S. upset, sought U.N. resolution condemning
  them
  
• No U.S. support, they pull out return canal to
  Egypt

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War in Egypt (cont.)

• Eisenhower stopped war, but opened Middle East to
  the Soviets
  
• Soviets built Nassers dam
• U.S. deeper into Middle Eastern Affairs
• Eisenhower Doctrine ? Eisenhower promised
  economic and military aid to pro-Western
  governments in the region
  
• Future ? fighting communism and the Arab
  governments that did not join the Western camp

56
Latin America

• U.S. companies held wealth in Latin America ?
  money didnt trickle down
  
• Nationalistic leaders knew they needed to weaken
  U.S. strength on their economies ? possible
  revolution

57
Revolution in Cuba

• Early 1950s, U.S. controlled much of Cubas
  wealth
  
• 1952, Fulgencio Batista became dictator, U.S.
  ally
  
• 1958, Fidel Castro led a successful revolt
  against Batista
  
• Turned to Soviets for help
• Eisenhower ordered CIA to train a force of
  anti-Castro Cubans called La Brigada to overthrow
  Castro
  
• 1961, Castro seized American businesses and
  signed trade agreement w/ Soviets ? U.S. and Cuba
  ended diplomatic relations

58
Kennedy and Cuba

• 1961, John F. Kennedy took office and faced
  problem of a Communist satellite on our very
  doorstep
  
• Kennedy took CIA advice and ordered La Brigada to
  land in Cuba, start an uprising, and remove
  Castro
  
• Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 17, 1961) failed
• 1,500 commandos met disaster
• Boats ran aground, Kennedy cancelled air support
  to hide U.S. involvement
  
• Uprising never happened Castro killed or
  captured nearly all of them
  
• Exposed the American plot and made
• JFK and the U.S. look bad

59
To the Brink of War Cuban Missile Crisis

• JFK continued plots against Castro
• Khrushchev and Castro were upset
• Installed Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba as a
  warning
  
• October 14, 1962 ? U.S. spy plane took photos of
  Soviet missiles
  
• JFK went over options bomb missile sites,
  invade Cuba
  
• Decided to blockade Cuban shipping lanes and push
  Khrushchev to remove the missiles

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To the Brink of War Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)

• October 22 ? JFK announced his decision
• Within 2 days 180 warships to Cuba, B-52
  bombers w/ nukes in the air, and the military was
  on full alert
  
• Brink of nuclear war
• October 26 ? Khrushchev agreed to remove the
  missiles if the U.S. vowed to never attack Cuba
  
• Day later he demanded U.S. missiles removed from
  Turkey
  
• JFK agreed to the 1st demand, ignored the missile
  demand in Turkey
  
• October 28 ? Khrushchev complied

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After the Crisis

• U.S. and the Soviet Union accepted each others
  power and realized the importance of negotiation
  
• Installed a hot line for direct communication
• Soviets increased efforts in the arms race
• U.S. renewed its belief in containment
• Continued stockpiling weapons and acting as the
  worlds police force