Race and the Fourth Amendment; Terrorism, Surveillance, and Special Powers

1
Race and the Fourth Amendment Terrorism,
Surveillance, and Special Powers
2
Race and the Fourth Amendment

• Disparate impact of law enforcement on minorities
  
• Intentional or conscious racial discrimination
• Institutional racism (profiling)
• Classism

3
A Race Conscious Fourth Amendment

• Why not equal protection?
• Jurisprudential basis? (Amar, Taslitz)
• Policy basis?
• Modification to reasonable person in
  definitions of detentions, arrest, consent
• Barring use of race to establish RS, PC
  penetrating pretexts

4
Terrorism, Surveillance, Special Statutory Powers

• Technological capacity has increased
• Need has also increased
• Strong pressures to increase electronic
  surveillance
• Direct and third-party surveillance
• Role of Congress

5
The Constitutional Framework

• The Katz test
• Probable cause, warrant (particularity)
• First Amendment concerns (Zurcher v. Stanford
  Daily PPA )

6
The Statutory Framework

• The Wiretap Act - 1968
• Electronic Communications Privacy Act - 1986
• Digital Telephone Act - 1994
• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act - 1978
• USA PATRIOT Act - 2001

7
The Wiretap Act

• Title I - covers nonconsensual interception of
  contemporaneous oral, wire, electronic
  communications (voicemail exception)
• Super search warrants secrecy
• Title II - lesser protections for electronic
  information stored by third parties (standard
  warrant subpoenasgt180 days)(SJG v. USSS)
• Title III - least protection (court permission if
  relevant to ongoing investigation)

8
Problem 6-2

• No state action, no Fourth Amendment
  considerations
• What kind of communication?
• What tier of protection, if any, under Wiretap
  Act?

9
Next time

• Terrorism, Surveillance, and Special Statutory
  Powers, pp. 461-521