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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

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Title: UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY


1
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
  • Research Methods in Psychopathology

2
OVERVIEW
  • The key components of the scientific method
  • Major designs exemplified
  • Potential sources of bias

3
WHY CONDUCT A STUDY?
  • Describe a phenomenon
  • Generate hypotheses
  • Test hypotheses

4
THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
  • Hypotheses specify the expected relationship
    between independent and dependent variables
  • All variables are operationalized
  • A design is selected for testing the hypotheses
  • The study is executed
  • Conclusions are drawn about the hypotheses

5
STUDY DESIGNS
  • Passive-observational studies (correlational
    studies)
  • Experiments

6
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
  • Generalizability
  • Reliability
  • Validity

7
PASSIVE-OBSERVATIONAL STUDIESEXAMPLES
  • Cross-sectional study
  • Longitudinal study

8
CORRELATIONS STUDIES e.g., POPULATION SURVEYS
  • Generalizability is high if
  • Representative sample
  • High participation rate
  • Randomness of non-participation
  • Measurements are of comparable reliability and
    validity across sub-populations (e.g., gender
    ethnicity age). (Marsella, 1997 linguistic,
    conceptual, scale, and normative equivalence)

9
POPULATION SURVEYS EXAMPLES
  • Epidemiological Catchment Area Study (ECA)
    (Robins Regier, 1991) -- early 1980s
  • 20,000 respondents in five communities
  • included institutionalized people (e.g.,
    hospitals, prisons)
  • National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) (Kessler et
    al., 1994) -- early 1990s
  • national sample of 8098 non-institutionalized
    males and females (ages 15-54)

10
12-MONTH PREVALENCE OF MENTAL DISORDRES IN THE
U.S.
11
NCS 12-MONTH PREVALENCE OF MENTAL DISORDERS IN
MEN AND WOMEN
12
NCS ETHNICITY RESULTS COMPARED TO WHITES...
  • Asian American Native American -- ??
  • Black Americans
  • lower rates for mood, substance use disorders
  • no disorder where rates were higher among blacks
    than whites
  • Hispanics
  • higher rates for current mood disorders
  • no disorder where rates were lower among
    Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites

13
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF BIAS
  • Representative population sample
  • Response rate 82.6
  • no differences between responders and
    non-responders on gender or age
  • non-responders were found to have significantly
    higher rates of disorder (based on a parallel
    study offering financial incentives to a
    subsample of nonresponders).
  • did participation vary by ethnicity?

14
REPRESENTATION OF ETHNOC MINORITY GROUPS IN THE
NCS?
  • Black Americans (12 of U.S. population) are over
    represented among
  • people who are homeless (40 of homeless)
  • people who are incarcerated (almost 50 of state
    and Federal prison inmates)

15
REPRESENTATION OF ETHNOC MINORITY GROUPS IN THE
NCS?
  • Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (4 of U.S.
    population)
  • Extremely diverse group 43 different ethnic
    subgroups
  • Over 100 languages and dialects
  • 35 live in households where there is limited
    English proficiency

16
REPRESENTATION OF ETHNOC MINORITY GROUPS IN THE
NCS?
  • Latinos/Hispanic Americans (11 of U.S.
    population)
  • Quite diverse group
  • 40 have limited English proficiency
  • Over represented among prison inmates

17
REPRESENTATION OF ETHNOC MINORITY GROUPS IN THE
NCS?
  • Native Americans/Alaska Natives (1-1.5 of U.S.
    population)
  • Diverse group over 560 recognized tribes, over
    200 indigenous languages
  • Over represented among
  • the homeless (8 of NA/AN are homeless compared
    to 2 of U.S. population)
  • prison inmates (4)

18
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
  • Suitable for answering descriptive questions
  • Also are used for testing hypotheses, but
  • Cannot test causal hypotheses

19
EXPERIMENTS
  • Key feature control over the independent and
    third (confounding) variables
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