Bio 250

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Bio 250 Human Anatomy

• Lecture M W 1230 pm- 145 pm
• All exams in the laboratory except the lecture
  final
• Access to the Lab Campus security list
• Do not remove any study aids from the lab
• Web site http//www.csub.edu/ddodenhoff/anatomy/
  anatomy.html
• WEBCT Login from the web page of main csub page
  do not ignore this resource, the webct page
  will contain all lecture and lab supplemental
  material
• http//www.csub.edu/webct/

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A few words about anatomy

• Too much information?
• Standardize introductory course
• More new information than might be expected for a
  typical course depending on a students biology
  background
• Laboratory terms less than possible in order to
  emphasize anatomy concepts

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How do we learn or more importantly memorize
information?

• Memorize - to study until it is easy to remember
  for example "Below is an addition table that
  you should memorize
• Memory- the cognitive processes whereby past
  experience is remembered "he can do it from
  memory"
• Learning - The process by which relatively
  permanent changes occur in behavioral potential
  as a result of experience.

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Information Processing Memory
Types of Memory Short-term memory Working
memory Long-term memory
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Short-Term Memory

• Limited in the amount of information-
• Unless information is processed the memory lasts
  only 15-30 seconds
• Remember the following sequence

• red, blue, green, eleven, yellow, rot, green,
  blue, two, white

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Write down the sequence

• Was the first in the sequence Blue?

No
Were there any unfamiliar terms in the list? You
are more likely to remember information that is
familiar than unfamiliar unless there is only
one unfamiliar fact or item. Therefore if the
amount of unfamiliar information is increased
your ability to recall the information using
short term memory decreases
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Working Memory

• Is the memory used while recalling short-term
  memory in order to associate old memory with new
  memories
• Requires a previous association relative to the
  new information inorder to process the information

• How many in the sequence do you have correct?

red, blue, green, eleven, yellow, rot, green,
blue, two, white
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How much information will end up in Long Term
Memory?
This figure shows the sequence for memories to be
encoded into long term memory. Notice that items
in short term memory can not be encoded into long
term memory without processing the information.
This block between short term memory and long
term memory is why you do not recall retrieve
memories every stimulus relayed by the senses
during a given event.
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Where is memory stored? How do we store it and
retrieve memories?
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A stimulus triggers the firing of neurons in a
particular sequence
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The firing neurons relay the stimulus and trigger
a further characteristic neural firing pattern
within a network of neurons. To maintain the
pattern for memory recall many associations need
to be encoded within the neural network
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So if the neurons record the information in
long-term memory, why can I not remember or
remember all the information correctly exactly
as it was encoded?
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Similar memory
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The storage of information is similar to a
pattern of highways interconnecting storage areas
broken connections or misdirected connections
may lead to an inability to correctly recall
information
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How to increase the retrieval of memory

• Increase the depth of processing
• Memory is a by-product of processing information
• Increase the amount of semantic encoding

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Three types of encoding

• Structurally encoding would be like remembering
  the number of letters or how the word appears
• Phonemically how the word sounds when
  pronounced
• Semantically- associate meaning to the word and
  the context associated with the word use.

The semantic encoding of information is the type
of encoding students want to increase
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Methods of Semantic encoding

• Elaboration- linking the information with other
  information incorporated at the same time or
  information you already know---demonstrations of
  a concept this is the type of encoding that
  incorporates the smell of a room while studying
  or music associated with the meaning.
• Self-Referent ---Make the information personally
  relevant. This requires associating the new
  information with information you already know
  well and are able to recall easily
• Visual Imagery-- using visual imagery to
  represent the term or concept. This would be a
  diagram or illustration that summarizes the
  information

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Why is self-referent the most effective encoding?

• Example
• Instead of rote memorizing the hypothalamus,
  hippocampus, and amygdala are three structures in
  the limbic system of the brain

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• you could think about the limbic systems
  involvement in emotions, memory, and motivation
  by constructing a simple story.
• I knew it was lunchtime because my hypothalamus
  told me I was hungry, thirsty, and cold. My
  hipppocampus helped me remember a new restaurant
  that opened on campus, but when I got there I had
  to wait in line and my amygdala reacted with
  anger

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What factors will affect your understanding and
proficiency of the course material?

• Prior experience with the course material
• Time spent processing the course information
  more rehearsal the greater the proficiency in
  recalling the course information
• Duration of time spent creating associations
  between the context of the information and
  self-referent associations.

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Methods of RehearsalOutline all lectures
the use of multiple types of rehearsal is more
effective than spending a long time on one type
of rehearsal i.e. 30 min study sessions for four
days is more effective than one 2 hour study
session

• For example outline the topics of this tutorial
  What were the topics of todays lecture?
• Requirements for the course
• How is memory encoded
• Efficient methods of encoding information that
  increase memory retrieval

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Under each topic identify the facts associated
with each topic.

• These do not have to be detailed accounts
• How is memory encoded?
• Network associations
• Types of memory?
• Categories of representation?
• Ways of encoding semantic information?
• Identify any terms that do not make sense or you
  can not remember this exercise will also help
  identify information that is new and information
  that is easily associated with older memories

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Write out at least two questions about the facts
topic by topic

• Topic Ways of encoding semantic memory.
• What is semantic encoding?
• Topic remembering that memory is a consequence
  of processing
• Was this a type of memory or method of processing?

Do not just read what semantic memory
is..incorporate in the definition a reference
that is self-relevant .If you do not ask
questions about the information while reviewing
then you most likely only be able to answer
questions that ask if you recognize the
information .and you may not be able to answer
questions that require you to extrapolate about
the meaning of a term or concept.
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For Example you could write out the
association arguing semantics is discussing
the context or meaning of a word. ..therefore
semantic encoding incorporates the meaning of a
term or information bit.
Notice that the meaning for semantic encoding has
now been linked to a meaning previously learned
and easily recalled of course you will have to
determine what is self-relevant
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So finally, based upon what you now know about
memory recall, What information is mostly likely
to be retain if you read the textbook once and
listen to lecture?

• Information you are able to easily incorporate or
  associate with prior knowledge
• Therefore new information will require rehearsal
  methods to properly encode into long term memory

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A

• Take out a ½ sheet of paper and write on it
• First and last Name
• The Date 9-15-04
• The term given to foramen A.
• The term given to bone B.

B
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Example associations for lab material

• Memorizing structures without associations
  reduces your ability to recall a specific
  structure
• Identifying the parts of humerus is difficult if
  you try to memorize the greater and lesser
  tubercles and medial and lateral epicondyles
  without associating these structures with a
  familiar locationHowever the task of memorizing
  these structures is simplified if you associate
  the tubercles with the shoulder end of the
  humerus and the epicondyles with the elbow end of
  the humerus notice also that elbow and epi start
  with e.which is an additional association that
  will help you recall the 1st association

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Examples of associations for lectures

• Outline lecture topics into sections of similar
  topics this visual organization of information
  will aid in recalling the several associated
  facts required to answer many types of multiple
  choice questions. For example, there are four
  types of cells found in bone and they are given
  similar sounding terms but serve different
  functions. There are several different types of
  questions that can be asked about these cells
  that would require more than a rote memorization
  of a single meaning. For example osteoblasts are
  the cells responsible secreting the matrix within
  bone tissue and osteoclasts are the cells
  responsible for breaking down the bone matrix,
  however this definition would not be sufficient
  to answer the following question

To answer this question you would need to
associate with the osteoblasts and matrix that
the matrix is composed of collagen fibers and
hydroxyapatites and also you would have to know
that mesenchyme cells have to become osteoblasts
before the cells secrete any matrix fibers. This
type of a question is designed to test whether a
student understands the meaning of terms and will
retain some of that understanding after
completing the course. Memorized definitions are
not usually retained in long term memory without
additional encoding of meaning of terms in
multiple contexts associated to other similar
topics
Collagen is secreted by which of the following?
A. Mesenchyme cells B. Osteoblasts C.
Osteoclasts D. Hydroxyapatites E. A and B
are correct