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What is a Vertebrate

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The Sea Stars. The Sea Urchins. The Sea Cucumbers. How can this be? ... Also called Sea Squirts. The 4 Chordate characteristics are present in the larval form ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: What is a Vertebrate


1
What is a Vertebrate?
  • Vertebrate Anatomy Unit 1

2
FIRST A Vertebrate is an ANIMAL
  • What is an Animal?
  • KINGDOM Level of Taxonomy
  • Includes all organisms that possess the following
    characteristics
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • No cell walls around cells
  • Several other characteristics

3
SECOND A Vertebrate is a CHORDATE
  • What is a Chordate?
  • PHYLUM level of Taxonomy
  • Includes all ANIMALS that possess the following
    characteristics
  • Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
  • Pharyngeal Gill Slits
  • Notochord
  • Post-anal Tail
  • A few chordates possess ALL these characteristics
    at all life stages, but most only possess all of
    these during EMBRYONIC stages.

4
THIRD A Vertebrate is a VERTEBRATE
  • What is a VERTEBRATE?
  • SUBPHYLUM level of Taxonomy
  • A level not normally addressed in intro bio
    classes
  • Includes all CHORDATES that possess the following
    characteristics
  • A BACKBONE that protects the nerve cord and
    supports the body replaces the notochord
  • This also generally implies the presence of a
    cranium (skull) to protect the brain.
  • Some animals have ONLY the cranium, thus they are
    not quite true vertebrates

5
TRUE or FALSE?
  • All CHORDATES are VERTEBRATES.
  • All VERTEBRATES are CHORDATES.

6
The term Chordata comes from
  • The Notochord

7
About the Notochord
  • In a Vertebrate Chordate,
  • the Notochord is present only during the
    EMBRYONIC stages of life.
  • The notochord is replaced by the backbone

8
About the Nerve Cord
  • Dorsal
  • Hollow
  • Anterior end enlarged to create the BRAIN

9
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
  • Pharynx throat
  • Present in embryos
  • These slits in the throat area become the gills
    in fish and other vertebrates that breath water
  • In mammals and other land vertebrates they become
    structures of the lower jaw, face and throat.

10
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11
Other Chordate Characteristics
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Blood always contained in blood vessels
  • Muscle blocks or segments called somites in
    embryos

12
Who are the Chordates closest relatives?
  • The closest INVERTEBRATE relative of the
    chordates are the members of Phylum Echinodermata
  • The Sea Stars
  • The Sea Urchins
  • The Sea Cucumbers
  • How can this be?
  • The embryonic development of echinoderms has a
    very important similarity to the embryonic
    development of chordates, even though the adult
    forms look very different.

13
Echinoderms and Chordates
  • The embryonic opening called a blastopore becomes
    an ANUS in both echinoderms and chordates.
  • In all other INVERTEBRATES it becomes the MOUTH.

14
Phylum Chordata 4 subphyla
  • Subphylum Urochordata
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata
  • Subphylum Myxini
  • Subphylum Vertebrata

15
Subphylum Urochordata
  • The Tunicates
  • Also called Sea Squirts
  • The 4 Chordate characteristics are present in the
    larval form
  • The adult looks very different
  • Larva are free swimming with tails, etc.
  • Adult is sessile.

16
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17
Phylum Cephalorchordata
  • A group called the lancelets
  • Most common member of this group is amphioxus
  • Swimmers
  • Possess all chordate characteristics in adult
    form

18
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19
Phylum Myxini
  • New Phylum
  • Once thought to be vertebrates, but they do not
    possess a true backbone only a true cranium
  • Hagfish is the only member

20
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • WE are vertebrates hence humans have studied
    phylum vertebrata a lot.

21
When did the 1st vertebrates arise on Earth?
  • Around 500 million years ago

22
What were the first vertebrates like?
  • The first vertebrates were DIFFERENT from
    vertebrates we know today.
  • They lacked JAWS.
  • Think hagfish and lampreys which are the only
    chordates/vertebrates that remain today who lack
    jaws.
  • Jawed vertebrates did not appear until around 400
    million year ago

23
Where did vertebrates first evolve?
  • Ocean

24
Defining characteristic of a vertebrate?
  • Backbone
  • Though others are discussed.

25
Vertebrates and sex
  • All vertebrates have separate sexes male and
    female

26
Some terms with regard to reproduction
  • Oviparous
  • Egg layer
  • Young are nourished from yolk inside an egg that
    is laid outside the mothers body

27
Some terms with regard to reproduction
  • Ovoviparous
  • Young develop internally, but are nourished with
    YOLK as though they were inside an egg.
  • Live birth

28
Some terms with regard to reproduction
  • Viviparous
  • Young develop internally
  • Nourished directly from the mothers bloodstream
  • NO yolk
  • Placenta and umbilical cord involved
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