PART I I PUBLIC POLICIES

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PART I I - PUBLIC POLICIES
1. Public and Public Policy
1.1. Public-Private Concepts
1.2. Public - Privat Goods
2. Public policies
2.1. Policy Theory and Analysis
2.2. Definitions
2.3. Classifications
2.4. Triggering mechanisms
2.5. Agenda
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1. " Public " and "Public Policy"
1.1 Public - Private Concepts
A tension or conflict between what is held to
be "public" and what is "private"
Public Interest, Public Opinion, Public Goods,
Public Law, Public health, public order, Public
Transport, etc

In general - Public Policy - "a sphere or domain
of life which is not private or individual, but
held in COMMON"
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1. " Public " and "Public Policy"
1.1 Public - Private Concepts
A tension or conflict between what is held to
be "public" and what is "private"
Public Interest, Public Opinion, Public Goods,
Public Law, Public health, public order, Public
Transport, etc

In general - Public Policy - "a sphere or domain
of life which is not private or individual, but
held in COMMON"
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Public dimension of Human activity that -implies
governmental or or social regulationor
intervention or at least COMMON ACTION
Historical Evolution
shows how Society understands the Relation Public
-Private
- a brief analysis, concentrated mainly after
WWII -
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Differences between PUBLIC and PRIVATE Sectors
from a clear demarcation to a less linear one
The profit - non profit demarcation line
"In non profit organisations, decisions made by
management are intended to result in
providing the best possible services with
avalable ressources
and success is measured primarly by how well the
services are rendered"
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Considerable Change in Recenbt years
- The need of a better allocation of ressources -
human and financial
- better management increase transparency
Reforms within the PUBLIC- non profit sectors
to make them more like private - profit sector
A GRADUAL convergence between sectors
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Caution
In the comparison with the private sector
Private Sector
a direct relationship between commercial
success and the standard of customer service
Public Sector
- the reasons to provide a service, the nature
of that service, the manner in which is delivered
are not dictated by the market
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- The balance beteen public expectations and the
level of service to be provide
is decided on the BASIS of POLITICAL JUDGEMENTS
about economic and social priorities
Public service functios are execute under
Professional responsability with the highest
standards
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1.1.1. Frontier between PUBLIC and PRIVAT
Instituttions
-a moving and changeable concept in definition
or execution terms
what is the basis for differentiation
a- In Public Institutions
responsables are nominated or elected -
LEGITIMATED
- In Private Sector
they are chosen by the owners
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b. Governments are intrusted to have compulsory
rights - TAXES
Not in the Private Sector
Government can do things not open to the Private
Sector
a Dynamic Approach
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1.1.2. The Public Sector has to do CHOICES
because ressources - natural, human, financia-
are limited
a. What to produce or to do?
allocation of Public Ressources defense,
routes, schools, etc
b. How to produce?
directly - laws, goods, services
i.e. environment laws or taxes on technology
outsourcing - regulation and controls
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c. To whon?
Distribution and redistribution functions (
transferencies)
d. How choices are done?
-Political differention - recognition
Different Choices can have different impacts on
people ( positive aqnd negative impacts)
Follow up
d1. Knowing which activities
Complexity of organisation, budgeting
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d2. Understanding and Antecipating the
CONSEQUENCIES
d3. Evaluating Different Alternatives
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1.2. PUBLIC - PRIVAT GOODS
It has been the real of economists
that analyse the Public-Privat relation through
"goods"
a matter of dispute
a. Characteristics of Public Goods
a1- Samuelson
- it is a good that is available to all
- Pure Public Goods - are produced by the state,
rather than the market
- Pure Private Goods are paid through a price
system
only those who pay for them may consume them
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- Public Goods are indivisible, available for
all, not excludable
- Private Goods are, by nature exclusive
- Public Goods are paid by taxes or
borrowing their price may be expressed by the
level of taxation
a2- Buchanan
- The distuishing features between Public and
Private goods can not be pigeon -holed
- Some Public Goods could have "excluded" benefits
"Club Theory"- pure public goods was subject to
growing IMPURITY
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- Clubs may exist that exclude members through a
mechanism - toll and charge
- the Purity of Public goods
is about defining what counts as who provides,
who pays, how they pay, who they pay
it does not follow that
being a good or a service PUBLIC it
should necessary be provided by the state or it
should be open to all.
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the Public and Private Sectors, under a point of
view of the Teory of goods
reveal as OVERLAPPING and INTERACTING
rather than a WELL DEFINED CATEGORIES
Conclusion
The Public Sector
is a mixture of a
and of public goods which are rationed through a
toll or by criteria of MERIT
a3. Frey
The notion of MIX of public-private goods
determined by
a CYCLE
in the demand for public goods changing
overtime in response to INTERACTION of voters,
government , producers, etc
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THE RISE in DISEQUILIBRIUM
Dissatisfaction with existing supply of
public-private goods
ARTICULATION of DEMAND
SUPPLY of GOODS
Demands for new distribution
A new Mix of goods
REACTION to DEMAND
Governments reacts to demand
Adapted fro Frey 1978
NOTES EXTERNALITIES when consumption or
production of goods imply costs and benefits on
others outside the transaction. i.e. costs
Polution benefits private gardens Merit Goods
- goods that are obliged to consume by the
Government
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2. PUBLIC POLICIES
2.1. POLICY Theory and Analysis
a. The Development of Policy Science after WWII
Before WWII - Normative and Moral dimensions of
Government
philosofical texts about
the Nature of Society, the Role of State, the
Rights and Responsabilities of Citizens and
Governments
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2. PUBLIC POLICIES
2.1. POLICY Theory and Analysis
a. The Development of Policy Science after WWII
Before WWII - Normative and Moral dimensions of
Government
philosofical texts about
the Nature of Society, the Role of State, the
Rights and Responsabilities of Citizens and
Governments
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AFTER the W.W.II
a New Discipline looking at
- a new Relationship between Government and
Citizens
- a new method of examine Politics
Through Empirical Analysis of Existing Policies
Political Theory
reconciling
Practice
Studies focus on
Institutions of Government
LEGISLATURES, COURTS, BUROCRACIES
detailed empirical examinationsa of
ignoring normative aspects
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POST WAR ERA
Reconstruction, Decolonisation, New Institutions
of Global Governance
QUESTIONS of JUSTICE, EQUITY
objective
BLEND
PURSUIT of SOCIO, ECONOMIC and POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Mead 1985
NEW APPROACHES
develop ones after the others
BEHAVIOURALISMlt ELITE STUDIESlt STUDIES OF
POLITICAL CULTURE
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TO
New Approach
Public Policies and P.P. Making
The Study of Political Theory
INTEGRATING
Political Practice
WITHOUT FALLING into the SRERILITY OF FORMAL
LEGAL STUDIES
Lasswel 1951 and Torgerson 1990
Policy Science - 3 distinct characteristics
(i). Multidisciplinarity
- sociology, law, politics, economy,etc
(ii). Problem- Solving
- solutions of real world problems
- goals\ means values\techniques
(iii). Explicitly Normative
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PUBLIC POLICIES CHARACTERISTICS in a modern,
complex society
are UBIQUITOUS

• - Confer ADVANTAGEOUS and DISADVANTAGEOUS
• Cause PLEASURE, IRRITATION and PAIN
• Have IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES for our WELL
  BEING

are a SIGNIFICANT PORTION of the ENVIRONMENT
they represent KNOWLEDGE
- How they are DELINEATED, BUDGETED, IMPLEMENTED
and EVALUATED
Reasons to STUDY P.P. and POLICY MAKING
- SCIENTIFIC, PROFESSIONAL and POLITICAL
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THREE PERSPECTIVES
a). Policy Studies
Systematic and Rigorous of the ORIGINS,
DEVELOPMENTS and IMPLEMENTATION
Knowledge of POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR and GOVERNANCE
b). Policy Analysis
Economic Theory and Statistic Techniques
EVALUATION RESEARCH How
Policies attain their GOALS and other SOCIETAL
EFFECTS
c). Policy Advocacy
To formulate and promote GOOD Public Policies and
to meet their GAOLS They can be liberal,
conservative, libertarians, communist,
socialists, .
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Public Policy as a PROCESS
A POLICY MAKING PROCESS involving different
attitudes, positive and conflict and struggle
among people ( Government, officials, citizens),
different interests, different values and desires
AIMS of Scientific Plicy Studies
First - Analysis rather than Advocacy
Explanation of the adoption of a Policy, rather
than identifying if it is good or not
Second - Strive for Rational, Empirical and
Objective
Searches for CONSEQUENCES and Causes using
Scientific Methodology
Rational,Empirical and Objective
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Third, Develop Reliable Theories and Explanations
Theoretical
Scientific Policy Studies both
Relevant for Practical Aspects of Policymaking
Nothing is a Practical as a Good Theory
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2.2. Definitions
In very general terms, Public Policies
Taken or Not taken
HAVE TO DO
with decisions
Many Definitions
a. Deweg (1927)
"The Public and its Problems"
How Issues and Problems come to be defined and
constructed and how they are placed on the
political and Policy Agenda
b. Laswell (...1971)
MultiMethod, Multi-Disciplinary, Problem
Focused, concerned to map the Contextuality of
the policy process, policy options, policy
outcomes and WHOSE GOAL is to integrate knowledge
into a overarching discipline to analyse Public
Choices and decision making and thereby
contribute to the democratisation of Society
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Analysis of the Policy Process
How Problems are defined, Agendas set, Policy
formulated, Decisions take nand Policy
implemented and Evaluated
Analysis "In" and "For" the Policy Process


Two Approaches
Encopass the use of Analytical Techniques,
Research and Advocacy in Problem Definitions,
Decision Making, Evolution and Implementation
Thomas Dye (1972)
Anything a Government chooses to do or not to do"
A SIMPLISTIC approach in as far as gives EQUAL
importance to small and big policies
The AGENT of P.P. Making is Government ( excludes
private, NGO, Social groups, )
Merits
Involve Fundamental Choice from the Government
to do or to do Nothing a Choice is made by the
Government to undertake ACTION or NON _ ACTION
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Jenkins (1978)
A SET of INTERRELATED DECISIONS taken by a
Political Actor or a Group of Actors concerning
the selection of GOALS and MEANS of achieving
them within a specified situation where those
decisions should, in principle, be within the
POWER of THOSE ACTORS TO ACHIEVE
a. Policies as a Process-
b. "A set of INTERRELATED DECISIONS"
Taken by different people or agencies
c.Constraints to the Government's Capacity
to IMPLEMENT Decisions
INTERNAL Finance, Human Ressources, EXTERNAL
- Ngo, Professional Group, Political Parties,

• Goals, Set up Means to achieve them, Measure for
  Evaluation
• Relevance of Goals
• The Congruence of Goals and Means
• - The Degree to which Means are adapted to
  Measures to succeed or fail the Goals

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Andreson (1084)
A purposive course of action followed by an ACTOR
of a SET of ACTORS in dealing with a PROBLEM or a
MATTER of CONCERN
Highlighting the Link between Government Action
and PERCEPTION - real or otherwise, of
the existence of a problem or concern requiring
action
PROBLEM SOLVING perspective is a particularly
important aspect
L. Gerrston (1997)
A change of Basic Decisions, Compromise Actions
taken by those that have Governmental positions
with authority
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Action
Includes
Non-Action
The LACK of a Policy is a Policy
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Those who wish CHANGES
Those who take DECISION
Those that are AFFECTED
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POLICIES
RECEIVERS
IMPACTS on PEOPLE
- - - -
Is VITAL for the understanding, significance and
power of Public Policies
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PUBLIC POLICIES
POLITICS
GOVERNMENT
A COMBINATION BETWEEN