Morphological change

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Morphological change
Historical Linguistics
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Interim review

• Lexical / semantic change
• Phonological change
• Morphological change
• Syntactic reanalysis / grammaticalization
• Psychological / cognitive aspect
• Sociolinguistic aspects
• Geographical and lexical diffusion
• The invisible hand theory

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Analogy
A B C
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Analogy
A B C X
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Hypercorrection
dark dark court kOrt
avocado
avOkardo
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Hypercorrection
Peter and me went swimming.
Peter and I went swimming.
Sally talked to Peter and me.
Sally talked to Peter and I.
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Morphological reanalysis
a naddre a napron
an adder an apron
an ewt a newt an ekename a nickname
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Morphological reanalysis
Stage 1 ouvert Uv_at_r covered kAv_at_rt
Sound change
Reanalysis
Stage 2 overt Ov_at_rt
covert kOv_at_rt
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Morphological reanalysis
regard regard-less
irrespective
ir-regard-less
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Morphological reanalysis
male femelle
male female
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Morphological reanalysis
Frankfurter Hamburger
Morphological reanalysis
HamBurger
Analogical extension
CheeseBurger
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Backformation
SG PL pese pisan
pis
pi pea
pis peas
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Backformation
Established pattern to exhibit exhibit-or
Back formation gtgt editor gt to edit
printer to print
gtgt laser gt to lase
maintenance to maintain
gtgt surveillance gt to surveille
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Competing patterns
sword swOrd gt sOrd
swore swOr swear
swEr swollen swOl_at_n swell swEl
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Competing motivations
A crucial observation has been that there are
always competing phonological pressures, both
syntagmatic and paradigmatic these can never all
be satisfied at once, and a great deal of
phonological change can be understood as endless
attempts at satisfying these competing pressures,
with each resulting change typically introducing
new strains into the system. (Trask 1996
95-96)
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Sturtevants paradox
Sound change is regular, but produces
irregularity analogy is irregular, but produces
regularity.
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Sturtevants paradox
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Sturtevants paradox
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Sturtevants paradox
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Sturtevants paradox
Old English Present ceosan z Past
SG ceas s Past PL curon
r Past PTC gecoren r
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Sturtevants paradox
Old English Modern English Present ceosan
z choose z Past SG ceas
s chose z Past PL curon
r chose z Past PTC gecoren
r chosen z
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Sturtevants paradox
OHG Present kiusan z Past SG kos
s Past PL kurun r Past
PTC gikoran r
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Sturtevants paradox
OHG PDG Present kiusan z
küren r Past SG kos s kor r
Past PL kurun r kor r Past
PTC gikoran r gekoren r
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Syntactic reanalysis
Syntactic change Structural
reanalysis Grammaticalization
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Syntactic reanalysis
Mir hat der Film nicht gefallen. Mir leuchtet das
nicht ein. Mir sind viele Menschen begegnet. Mir
ist kalt.
I didnt like the movie. I dont understand
that. I met many people. I am cold.
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Syntactic reanalysis
than cynge licoden peran. The-DAT king-DAT wer
e-pleasing pears Pears were pleasing to the
king (i.e. The king liked pears)
Peran licoden than cynge. Pears were-pleasin
g the-DAT king-DAT
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Syntactic reanalysis
The king liceden peares the king were-pleased pea
r-s Pears were pleasing to the king (i.e. The
king liked pears)
The king liked pears.
He liked pears.
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Syntactic reanalysis
I believe that she will take the
job. English Ich verstehe, dass Sie nicht
kommen. German Ik weet dat hij veel vrienden
heeft. Dutch Jag trodde, att hans sista stund
var kommen. Swedish
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Syntactic reanalysis
Middle High German joh gizalta
in sâr thaZ, thiu sâlida and told
them immediately that the luck untar in
uuas among them was And he told
them immediately that good fortune was among
them.
I can tell you this I wont talk to that guy.
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Syntactic reanalysis
Old English Dt gefremede Diulius hiora consul,
that arranged Diulius their consul Dt Dt angi
n wearD tidlice Durthogen COMP that beginning
was in.time achieved Their consul Diulius
arranged (it) that it was started on time.
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Syntactic reanalysis
(1) Ic hæbbe þo-ne fisc gefange-ne I
have the-ACC fish caught-ACC I have the
fish caught (I have the fish in a state of
being caught)
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Syntactic reanalysis
(2) thin geleafa hæfth the gehæled. your faith
has you healed.ø Your faith has healed you.
(3) thin geleafa hæfth gehæled
the. your faith has healed.ø you Your faith
has healed you.
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Otto Behagel
Things that belong together occur together.