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Title: Geothermal Energy: Harnessing the Heat Beneath Your Feet


1
Geothermal EnergyHarnessing the Heat
BeneathYour Feet
Carol J. Bruton John Ziagos Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory Ken Wedel Tracy Independent
School District Science on Saturday Feb. 9,
2008
2
What You Will Learn
  • What is geothermal energy?
  • Where does it come from?
  • How is it used today?
  • Geothermal energy in the U.S. and California
  • Environmental benefits
  • The future of geothermal energy

3
Clues! Volcanoes, geysers, hot springs
Kilauea, Hawaii
Mount St Helens
Credit Joel Renner, DOE, Office of Geothermal
Technologies
4
What is geothermal energys source?
  • Radioactive decaygenerates heat
  • uranium (238U, 235U)
  • thorium (232Th)
  • potassium (40K)
  • Heat of formation
  • Extraterrestrialimpacts
  • Gravitational contraction

Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
5
Natural radioactivity
Demonstration No. 1
6
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
7
Temperatures at depth reflect the geothermal
resource
3.5 km/2.2 mi
6.5 km/4 mi
10 km/6.2 mi
Source MIT, The Future of Geothermal Energy, 2006
8
The Earths surface is made of tectonic plates
that move
Ring of Fire
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
9
Hottest known geothermal regions are located at
plate boundaries
Geothermal energy utilization world-wide9100
MW, 25 countries, 60 million people
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
10
Subduction and spreading bring heat to the
surface
Spreading Center
Continental Plate
Plate
Oceanic
Subducting
Convection
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
11
Demonstration No. 2
Convection
12
Convection and conduction distribute Earths heat
in the crust
Source Dickson and Fanelli, International
Geothermal Association
13
Required components of a geothermal reservoir
Geothermal Reservoir
14
Demonstration No. 3
Geothermal reservoir
15
The ideal geothermal reservoir
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
16
We access high temperatures and permeable
fractures by drilling
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
17
Flash steam power plant
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Flash Tank
Electricity
Condensed Steam (Water)
Separated Water
Hot Water
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
18
Geothermal turbines convert thermal to
electrical energy
Turbine converts heat into mechanical (rotation)
energy
Generator converts mechanical energy (rotation)
into electricity
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
19
Demonstration No. 4
Conversion ofthermal to electrical energy
20
Binary cycle power plant
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
21
Demonstration No. 5
Heat exchanger
22
The challenge Finding the hidden resource
23
Using satellites to examinethe Earths surface
  • Surface deformation may result from subsurface
    stresses which create fractures
  • InSAR (synthetic aperture radar interferometry)
    detects surface deformation

Bill Foxall, PI
24
Demonstration No. 6
Stress creates fractures
25
Engineering a geothermal reservoir
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Permeability
Water
Geothermal Reservoir
Mining thermal energy from hot, dry rock
Source Duffield and Sass, 2004
26
Fluid flow changes fracture permeability
Jeff Roberts, PI
27
U.S. geothermal resource baseEnough for over
100,000 years
  • We now use
  • 2800 MWe electric
  • 3700 MWt thermal

28
Direct use of geothermal heat
  • Displaces about 1.6M barrels of oil annually in
    the U.S.
  • Agriculture
  • Aquaculture
  • Balneology (hot springs, bathing)
  • District heating

29
Geothermal heat pumps are used for heating and
cooling all over the U.S.
  • One typical homesheat pump systemis equal in
    greenhousegas reduction to
  • Taking two cars off the road
  • Planting an acre of trees

Dept. of Energy
30
U.S consumes more geothermal energy than wind and
solar energy
Data source EIA
31
California dominates geothermal energy
utilization in the U.S.
  • Geothermal energy supplies 5 of Californias
    electricity
  • Lots more potential!

32
Demonstration No. 7
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
33
Environmental benefits of displacing fossil fuels
Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
34
Geothermal energy Clean, green and renewable
  • Steam, not smoke!
  • 90-95 fewer greenhouse gas emissions than coal

Geothermal Education Office, Tiburon, CA
35
THE END
Thank You!
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