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Industrial Revolution

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process of change in modern history from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one ... Flying shuttle (1733) John Kay; Mule (1762) Samuel Crompton; Waterframe (1785) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Industrial Revolution


1
Industrial Revolution
  • Changing Work and Workers, 1733-1900

2
Industrial Revolution
  • process of change in modern history from an
    agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by
    industry and machine manufacture.
  • Mechanical/scientific means to control nature
  • Application of inductive method of the
    Enlightenment to means of production
  • Began in England then spread to Europe and the
    United States
  • American System of Manufacture

3
Industrial Revolution Included
  • 1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron
    and steel
  • (2) the use of new energy sources, including both
    fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam
    engine, electricity, petroleum, and the
    internal-combustion engine
  • (3) the invention of new machines, such as the
    spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted
    increased production with a smaller expenditure
    of human energy

4
Industrial Revolution Included
  • (4) a new organization of work known as the
    factory system, which entailed increased division
    of labor and specialization of function-- the
    worker acquired new and distinctive skills, and
    his relation to his task shifted instead of
    being a craftsman working with hand tools, he
    became a machine operator, subject to factory
    discipline
  • (5) important developments in transportation and
    communication, including the steam locomotive,
    steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and
    radio, and
  • (6) the increasing application of science to
    industry

5
Industrial Revolution in England
  • Good natural resources and, with turnpike trusts
    in 1730s, 40s, and 50s, better transportation.
  • Entrepreneurial Culture
  • Need for coal and clothing drove process
  • Coal production soared3 million tons in 1700 25
    million tons in 1830. Made possible by steam
    powered pumps to get water out of the mines.
  • ClothingFlying shuttle (1733) John Kay Mule
    (1762) Samuel Crompton Waterframe (1785) Richard
    Arkwright.
  • Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin (1793) created raw
    cotton surplus 8 million pounds raw cotton in
    1770s into Britain 250 million pounds in 1830

6
Water Frame
7
James Watt (1736-1819) and Steam Engine
  • Improved Atmospheric Engine of Savery and
    Newcomen by adding separate condenser for steam.
  • Perfected flywheel
  • Made double reciprocating engine steam drives
    piston in both directions
  • 1000 steam engines in England in 1800

8
Watts Steam Engine
9
Industrial Revolutions Impact
  • Growth of large factory towns like Manchester,
    Birmingham, and Liverpool
  • Division of Labor, both according to task and
    increasingly of gender
  • EfficiencyF. W. Taylor
  • Material quality of life increased among workers
    as did alienation

10
Karl Marx Analysis of capitalism Provides
vocabulary for Industrial Revolution
11
Marxs Theory
  • Class strugglebourgeoisie vs. proletariat.
  • Surplus Theory of Value
  • Inevitable economic crises
  • Inevitable violent revolution
  • Workers state ends the cycle of history

12
F. W. TaylorTime and Motion Studies
  • First. Find, say, 10 or 15 different men
    (preferably in as many separate establishments
    and different parts of the country) who are
    especially skillful in doing the particular work
    to be analyzed.
  • Second. Study the exact series of elementary
    operations or motions which each of these men
    uses in doing the work which is being
    investigated, as well as the implements each man
    uses.
  • Third. Study with a stop-watch the time required
    to make each of these elementary movements and
    then select the quickest way of doing each
    element of the work.

13
Time and Motion Studies
  • Fourth. Eliminate all false movements, slow
    movements, and useless movements.
  • Fifth. After doing away with all unnecessary
    movements, collect into one series the quickest
    and best movements as well as the best
    implements.

14
Government and IR
  • Record is mixed.
  • Government often sided with ownersPullman Strike
    in U. S. (1894).
  • Influenced by evolving liberalism (J. S. Mill),
    Government sought to create safety nets.
  • Bismarcks Germanyaccident, disability, and old
    age insurance.

15
Social Implications
  • Urbanization
  • New demands on city services
  • Separation of work from homehome becomes a place
    to produce children, not goods.
  • Clock/calendar regimented life styles
  • Child labor
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