Mid to LaterNineteenth and Early Twentieth Century:

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• Mid- to Later-Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
  Century
• 1836 Charles Darwin returns from the voyage of
  the HMS Beagle
• 1855 Herbert Spencer publishes Principles of
  Psychology
• 1859 Darwin publishes The Origin of the
  Species
• 1863 Thomas Huxley publishes Mans Place in
  Nature
• 1871 Darwin publishes The Descent of Man
• 1872 ...and The Expression of the Emotions in
  Man and Animals
• 1875 William James establishes informal
  psychological laboratory at Harvard
• G. Stanley Hall establishes (arguably) first
  psychological laboratory in America at Johns
  Hopkins University
• Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes Memory A
  Contribution to Experimental Psychology
• 1885 William James establishes officially funded
  psychological laboratory at Harvard
• 1890 William James publishes Principles of
  Psychology
• 1892 Founding of the American Psychological
  Association
• 1895 Freud and Breuer publish Studies in
  Hysteria
• Edward Titchener divides psychological
  approaches into structuralism,
  functionalism, and genetic psychology
• 1900 Freud publishes the The Interpretation of
  Dreams
• 1906 James Angell delivers his APA presidential
  address The Province of Functional Psychology
• 1939 Freud dies in London

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His philosophy is recognized as similar to
Taoism
Taijitu ???
Heraclitus (pre-Socratic) The Weeping
Philosopher
Everything flows and nothing stands still. War
is the father of all and the king of all.
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The One Wisdom is both willing and unwilling to
be called by the name of Zeus (God).
-Heraclitus, dialectical philosopher
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The big 19th Century debate Are species static
or changing? Many people, including respected
scientists such as Harvards Louis Agassiz,
believed the world was created and set in motion
according to Newtons laws, but was otherwise
static. Statute of
Agassiz at Stanford U.
Zoology building after San
Francisco earthquake

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The theory of Lamarck has been called a
temporalization of the Great Chain of Being
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
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Vitalism a doctrine that the functions of a
living organism are due to a vital principle
distinct from physicochemical forces and are
not explicable by the laws of physics and
chemistry but are in part self-determining. Teleo
logy a doctrine that holds there is a final
cause or purpose inherent in all
beings. Teleological explanations explain
phenomena by their result. E.g., we have eyes
in order to see.
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The tree of human evolutionaccording to Ernst
Haeckel, 1891 At the top of Haeckel's tree are
Menschen - men, and Haeckel meant white
European males Haeckel's tree explicitly embeds
the notion of progress - things nearer the top
are 'more evolved' or 'higher.'
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Route of Darwins voyage on the Beagle, on which
he was official ship naturalist. He collected
and sent to London large collections of varying
species.
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The Bible Darwin took with him on the Beagle
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Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principle of
Population as It Affects the Future
Improvement of Society (1798) inspired both
Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independent
discoverers of the role of natural selection in
the development of species.
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The English Lamarkian Herbert Spencer (1820 -
1903) coined the phrase survival of the fittest
either before (Leahey) or after (wiki) reading
Darwin. Biologisys prefer natural selection.
Spencer applied evolutionary thought to
society and laissez-faire economics and helped
create the ideology known much later as social
Darwinism, an ideology which Darwin himself
never endorsed.
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Darwin's first sketch of an evolutionary tree
from his First Notebook on Transmutation of
Species (1837)
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Darwins Descent of Man (1871)
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Illustration of descent of man from Thomas
Huxleys 1863 Evidence as to Man's Place in
Nature
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Spencer published his Principles of Psychology
in 1855, which combined associationism
with Lamarckian evolution.
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Human expressions, some posed and some candid,
appeared in Darwin's Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).
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George John Romanes and C. Lloyd Morgan developed
comparative psychology,
but they disagreed on animal intelligence
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All Darwins works, including images of his
original notebooks are available online at
http//darwin-online.org.uk/
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Galton invented composite photography to
find common elements in the appearance of
certain types, such as criminals.
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Title page from Galtons Hereditary Genius
(1869) and logo from the Second International
Congress of Eugenics (1921).
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Historic Antecedents to American Psychology
The Enlightenment and its Scientific/Industrial
Revolution set the backdrop Here
French intellectuals gather to discuss the
Encyclopedia, a
major product of the Age of Reason
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Historic Antecedents to American Psychology
Jonathan Edwards, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and
Phrenology (1703 1758) (1803 1882)
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Old Psychology vs. New Psychology
Thomas Reid and the Scottish commonsense
psychologists, taught in sectarian colleges,
discussed the faculties of the mind, and thought
they should be cultivated for moral improvement.
G. Stanley Hall took the first American Ph.D. at
Harvard and came to secular, scientific Johns
Hopkins to establish the first curriculum and
laboratory in the New Psychologya branch of
natural science.
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Charles Saunders Peirce (1839
1914) Professor at Hopkins credited with
founding Pragmaticism cohabited with French
women before his divorce was final
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Pragmatism Certain beliefs are
impossible Beliefs are meaningful only if they
lead to effective action Beliefs are developed
and retained according to their adaptive value
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William James (1842- 1910)
Author of The Principles of Psychology
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Pages from Jamess Principles of Psychology
illustrating synthesis of then-existing
knowledge, based on the reflex arc shemata.
Diagram below conceives of arc as chain of steps
between S and R. As habits form, the S
automatically invokes the entire chain, and will,
attention or consciousness are no longer needed.
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Hugo Munsterburg (1863 - 1916)
pioneer of applied psychology
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Munsterburgs
motor theory of consciousness
--------? consciousness
?------- S -----
-----? R
------? physiological process ------?
causation flows forward Munsterburgs theory
made consciousness a mere epiphenomenon having
no causal role in behavior. Jamess view had
been that the organisms adaptive needs
presented items to consciousness for choice.
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John Dewey (1859 1952)
Hopkins Ph.D. 1884 student of Peirce, Hall
public intellectual and theorist of Progressivism
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James Mark Baldwin 1861- 1934 brilliant
evolutionary theorist Baltimore brothel
enthusiast
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Highs and Lows in the History
of Psychology
Biggest Blunders
Greatest Hits 5. Recognition of
mental faculties and functions as
adaptations that help ensure
survival