APA Citations:

1
APA Citations

• Everything You Want to Know About What You Dont
  Want to Know

2
APA Checklist

• First, review your instructors formatting
  directions!
  
• Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on
  standard-sized paper (8.5 X 11 inches) with
  margins of 1 inch on all sides.
  
• Title page includes a running head for
  publication, title, and byline and affiliation.
  
• Abstract If your instructor requires an
  abstract, write a 75-100 word overview of your
  essay, which should include your main idea and
  your major points.

3
In-Text Citations

• Direct Quotations include the author, year of
  publication, and the page number for the
  reference (preceded by "p.").
  
• Example According to Mr. Melvin (2005), the
  purple lilacs did not bloom in the concrete
  driveway(p. 199).
  
• Indirect Quotations She declared, The water
  tastes of melons (Monier, 1945, p. 234).
  
• Paraphrase If you paraphrase, you only need to
  cite the author and year, but are encouraged to
  include the page number (Falgoust, 2002, p. 1918).

4
Long Quotations

• Salvadore Greco (1998) pronounces
• Place direct quotations longer than 40
  words
  
• in a free-standing block of typewritten
  lines,
  
• and omit quotation marks. Start the
• quotation on a new line, indented five
  spaces
  
• from the left margin. Type the entire
• quotation on the new margin, and indent
  the first
  
• line of any subsequent paragraph within
  the
  
• quotation five spaces from the new
  margin. The
  
• parenthetical citation should come
  after closing
  
• punctuation mark. (p.690)

5
Citing An Author or Authors

• Research by Dupré and Pecanty (2007) asserts that
  you must name both authors in the signal phrase
  or in the parentheses each time you cite the work
  (p. 199).
• Or if you dont use the authors name in the
  sentence, cite like this (Dupré Pecanty,
  2007).
  
• A Work by Three to Five Authors List all the
  authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses
  the first time you cite the source (Chiasson,
  Carlos, Justin, Comeaux, 2003, p. 198).
• In subsequent citations, only use the first
  author's last name followed by "et al." in the
  signal phrase or in parentheses (Chiasson et al.,
  2003, pgs. 9-8).

6
More on Authors

• Fellini et al. (1960) state that if you have six
  or more authors write the first authors name,
  followed by et al. And for the parentheses
  (Fellini et al., 1945, p. 8).
• If the work does not have an author, cite the
  source by its title in the signal phrase or use
  the first word or two in the parentheses (Making
  it into the Toilet, 1988, p. 9).
• According to the American Psychological
  Association (2000), if the author is an
  organization or a government agency, mention the
  organization in the signal phrase or in the
  parenthetical citation the first time you cite
  the source.

7
Just a bit more

• For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other
  person-to-person communication, cite the
  communicators name, the fact that it was
  personal communication, and the date of the
  communication. Do not include personal
  communication in the reference list. (E. Robbins,
  personal communication, January 4, 2001).
• If you use a source that was cited in another
  source, name the original source in your signal
  phrase.
  
• According to Buckwheat, list the secondary source
  in your reference list and include the secondary
  source in the parentheses (as cited in Murphy,
  2003, p.102).

8
And Some More

• When your parenthetical citation includes two or
  more works, order them the same way they appear
  in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon
  (Cornholio, 1993, p. 3 Hill, 2002, p. 5).
• If the authors have the same last name, to
  prevent confusion, use first initials to
  distinguish (E. Boo, 2004, p. 7 D. Boo, 2009, p.
  9).
• If you have two sources by the same author in the
  same year (Buber, 2000a), use lower-case letters
  (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in
  the reference list. Use the lower-case letters
  with the year in the in-text citation (Buber,
  2004b).

9
And now for something different (kind of) --
Indirect Electronic Sources!

• If possible, cite an electronic document the same
  as any other document by using the author-date
  style.
  

10
The Unknown

• If no author or date is given, use the title in
  your signal phrase or the first word or two of
  the title in the parentheses and use the
  abbreviation "n.d. (Bubbles and Boo, n.d., p.
  8).
• When an electronic source lacks page numbers, use
  the symbol, or the abbreviation "para.,
  followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001,
  5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs
  are not numbered and the document includes
  headings, provide the appropriate heading and
  specify the paragraph under that heading.

11
Reference Lists

• All lines after the first line of each entry in
  your reference list should be indented one-half
  inch from the left margin.
  
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first).
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by
  the last name of the first author of each work.
  
• If you have more than one article by the same
  author, list references in order by the year of
  publication, starting with the earliest.

12
And Some More

• For books, articles, Web pages, etc., capitalize
  only the first letter of the first word of a
  title and subtitle, the first word after a colon
  or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not
  capitalize the first letter of the second word in
  a hyphenated compound word.
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books
  and journals.
  
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around
  the titles of shorter works such as journal
  articles or essays in edited collections.

13
Reference List Part I

• Single author Dubious, B. (2009). Friendship is
  not unlike a ham sandwich. Current Topics in
  Psychology, 11, 87-90.
  
• Two authors Soprano, T., Corleono, M. (1974).
  Scientists discover French is actually German.
  The Christian Science Monitor, 66, 1034-1048.
  
• Three to six authors List by last names and
  initials commas separate author names, while the
  last author name is preceded again by ". For
  more than six authors, list the first six as
  above and then "et al.," which stands for "and
  others."

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Part I (Cont.)

• Organization as author American Plumber
  Syndicate. (2010).
  
• Unknown author Merriam-Webster's collegiate
  dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA
  Merriam-Webster.
  
• Two or more works by the same author in the same
  year Hooker, T. J. (1981a). Hooker, T.J. (1981b).

15
Reference List Part II

• Basic outline for periodical references Author,
  A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C. (Year).
  Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
  number(issue number), pages.
• Paginated by volume Rudolph, I. B. (1983).
  Essential psychos for a housewife. Journal of
  Psychological Empathy, 55, 899-900.
  
• Paginated by issue Ribbig, E.X. (1022). Freudian
  neuroses for a spring collection. Journal of
  Journal, 44(23), 5-4.
  
• Article in a magazine Millsap, R. Y., IV (1999,
  April 20). Why is your daughter a girl hard
  questions to ask a robot. People, 145, 0-1.

16
Part II (Cont.)

• Article in a newspaper Schmuck, A.B. (2002,
  December 23). Jack the Ripple drops a pebble
  again. The Eternal Times, pp. 1A, 2B.
  
• Letter to Editor Pimple, E.D. (2000, August).
  Why does Don Johnson exist Letter to editor?
  Scientific American, 245(3), 13.
  
• Review Marx, G. (1888). The ineffable
  quantifications of a prismatic psyche Review of
  the book Mommy, I wet my pants. The Contemporary
  Philosopher, 34, 432-100.

17
Reference List Part III

• Basic book format Author, A. A. (Year of
  publication). Title of work Capital letter also
  for subtitle. Location Publisher.
  
• Edited book, no author Marx, G., Marx, C.
  (Eds.). (1997). How to tie your shoes in Senegal.
  Beijing Impudent Press.
  
• Edited book with an author or authors Gabilondo,
  P. (2003). Wilds Ducks Tony Soprano and
  castration (L. Stall, Ed.). New York Prometheus.
  
• Translation Celan, P. (1960). Niemandrose. (M.
  Theriot P. Perkins, Trans.) New York Hover
  (Original work published in 900).

18
Part III (Cont.)

• Edition other than first Falgoust, K. A. (1985).
  Existential death stories for a childs bedtime
  (10 ed.). Chicago Harvard Press.
  
• Article of Chapter in an Edited Book Author, A.
  A., Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title
  of chapter. In A. Editor B. Editor (Eds.),
  Title of book (pages and chapter). Location
  Publisher.
• Multivolume Work Schlopp, Z. (Ed.). (1987).
  Dictionary of kitchen utensils (Vols. 1-4). New
  York Scribners.

19
Part III (Cont. some more)

• An entry in an encyclopedia Bergman, I. (1998).
  Rabbits. In The contemporary encyclopedia of
  birds (Vol. 23, pp. 509-510). Chicago
  Encyclopedia of Birds.
• Work discussed in secondary source List the
  original source and use primary source in text.
  
• Dissertation abstract Monier, C. (2060). A
  dialogue with clowns (Doctoral dissertation,
  Nicholls State, 2001). Dissertations Abstracts
  International, 62, 7741A.
• Government document National Institute of Mental
  Health (1900). Clinical studies of girls with
  cooties (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1000).
  Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.
  
• Private Organization Report American Psychiatric
  Association. (2007). Practice guidelines for frog
  puppets (3rd ed.). New Orleans, LA Herring Press.

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Reference List Part IV

• Article from online periodical Author, A. A.,
  Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
  article. Title of Online Periodical, volume
  number(issue number if available). Retrieved
  month day, year, from http//www.address.com/full/
  url/
• Online scholarly journal article Author, A. A.,
  Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
  article. Title of Journal, volume number.
  Retrieved month day, year, from
  http//address.com/full/url
• Article from database Hilton, P., Richie, N.,
  Kardashian, K. (2002). A study of the enjoyment
  of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3).
  Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES
  database.

21
Part IV (Cont. Last One, Im serious)

• Nonperiodical web document, web page, or report
  Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of
  document. Retrieved month day, year, from
  http//webaddress.com -- use n.d. if theres no
  date.
• Chapter or section of web document Author, A. A.
  (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title
  of book or larger document (chapter or section
  number). Retrieved month day, year, from
  www.webaddress.com/full/url/.
• And Lastly

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• THE END
• The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The
  Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue
  University. 23 April 2006 ue.edu.