The Cold War

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The Cold War
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Origins of the Cold War in WW II

• Big Three Conferences discussed the outcome of
  the war while the war was still raging
• Roosevelt US
• Stalin USSR
• Churchill United Kingdom

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Yalta Conference

• The final conference of the original Big Three
  was held in February of 1945 at the Russian town
  of Yalta in the Crimean Sea. In a few months,
  FDR was dead and Churchill was voted out of
  office.
• Stalin agreed to allow free elections in the
  regions controlled by the Red Army. He never did
  and many doubted at the time if he would keep
  his word HOWEVER, FDR needed the USSR to enter
  the war against Japan after the defeat of
  Germany.
• Later critics state that FDR gave Eastern Europe
  to Stalin this is untrue but it was clear
  that the Soviets had plans to create a buffer
  zone along their western border.

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Potsdam Conference

• After the defeat of Germany, the new Big Three
  met outside Berlin in the city of Potsdam.
• Stalin refused to agree to free elections in his
  satellites and Harry Truman left the conference
  believing the USSR was planning world domination.

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Bretton Woods Conference the United Nations
Monetary and Financial Conference

• Before WWII was over, the Allied nations began to
  plan for a post-war economy, banking, and
  monetary world system.
• How could they revive the world after the Great
  Depression and after the destructiveness of WWII?
• They met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944
  at the Mt. Washington Hotel.
• Harry Dexter White (US) and John Meynard Keynes
  (UK)

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International Monetary Fund IMF

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an
  international organization that oversees the
  global financial system by following the
  macroeconomic policies of its member countries,
  in particular those with an impact on exchange
  rates and the balance of payments. It is an
  organization formed to stabilize international
  exchange rates and facilitate development. It
  also offers financial and technical assistance to
  its members, making it an international lender of
  last resort. Its headquarters are located in
  Washington, D.C.

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IMF Nations
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  (typically abbreviated GATT) was the outcome of
  the failure of negotiating governments to create
  the International trade Organization (ITO). GATT
  was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it
  was replaced by the World Trade Organization
  (WTO). The Bretton Woods Conference had
  introduced the idea for an organization to
  regulate trade as part of a larger plan for
  economic recovery after WWII. The GATT's main
  objective was the reduction of barriers to
  international trade. This was achieved through
  the reduction of tariff barriers, quantitative
  restrictions and subsides on trade through a
  series of agreements. The GATT was a treaty, not
  an organization. The functions of the GATT were
  taken over by the World Trade Organization which
  was established during the final round of
  negotiations in early 1990s.

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World Bank

• The Banks mission is to aid developing countries
  and their inhabitants to achieve development and
  the reduction of poverty, by helping countries
  develop an environment for investment, jobs and
  sustainable growth, thus promoting economic
  growth through investment and enabling the poor
  to share the fruits of economic growth. The World
  Bank sees the five key factors necessary for
  economic growth and the creation of an enabling
  business environment as
• Build capacity Strengthening governments and
  educating government officials.
• Infrastructure creation implementation of legal
  and judicial systems for the encouragement of
  business, the protection of individual and
  property rights and the honoring of contracts.
• Development of Financial Systems the
  establishment of strong systems capable of
  supporting endeavors from micro-credit to the
  financing of larger corporate ventures.
• Combating corruption Support for countries'
  efforts at eradicating corruption.
• Research, Consultancy and Training the World
  Bank provides platform for research on
  development issues, consultancy and conduct
  training programs (web based, on line, tele-/
  video conferencing and class room based) open for
  those who are interested from academia, students,
  government and non-governmental organization
  (NGO) officers etc.

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Two World Superpowers

• The destruction caused by WWII left the Us and
  the USSR as the two leading powers in the world
  militarily, industrially, size, etc.
• The US and USSR had political and economic
  systems that were complete opposites. This
  polarity began to split the world into two
  ideological camps.

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Creation of the United Nations

• FDR wanted to create a world wide organization of
  nations that would keep world peace. The League
  of Nations failed, but Roosevelt felt that a more
  unified organization would work. FDR began to
  promote such an organization in 1940 and in Yalta
  in 1945 he received Stalins assurance that the
  USSR would join the new United Nations.
• The Big Three began plans for the United Nations
  before the war was over.

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The Security Council

• 15 members with the victors of WWII holding
  veto power US, UK, France, China, and USSR (now
  Russia). The other 10 members rotate in/out from
  the General Assembly.
• The Security Council is the true decision maker
  in the UN. Economic and military actions come
  from the Security Council.

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The General Assembly

• The General Assembly is the assembly of all
  member nations each with one equal vote.
• The General Assembly is a place of discussion and
  debate but with little power to enforce
  decisions.

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Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights

• The question over Displaced Persons (DPs) and the
  new nations created after WWII posed early Cold
  War issues.
• The UN took on the job of creating a binding
  document that all member nations must approve and
  follow in order to guarantee basic human rights.
• Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed to the UN by
  Truman and she was the power behind the drafting
  and ratification of the declaration.

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The Truman Doctrine

• In 1947, President Truman was faced with
  communist struggles in Greece and Turkey.
• Truman committed US money to help fight communist
  take-overs in Greece and Turkey.
• This willingness to help nations fight off
  communism became the TRUMAN DOCTRINE.

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The Iron Curtain

• On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech
  at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. He
  warned the US that the peace brought about by
  Hitlers defeat was jeopardized by Stalins
  occupation of Eastern Europe.

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• Churchill stated
• From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across
  the Continent. Behind that line lie all the
  capitals of the ancient states of Central and
  Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
  Budapest, Belgrade, and Sofia all these famous
  cities and the populations around them lie in
  what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are
  subject, in one form or another, not only to
  Soviet influence but to a very high and in some
  cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.
  

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George F. Kennan and Containment

• George F. Kennan was a US government official
  working in the US embassy in Moscow. While some
  continued to think of Stalin as an ally, Kennan
  urged the US to re-evaluate its relationship with
  the USSR.
• Kennan sent a secret long telegram to
  Washington stating that the USSR was planning to
  dominate the world.
• He proposed that the US must CONTAIN the growth
  of communism or fall victim to it.

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The Marshall Plan

• With much of Europe physically or economically
  destroyed after WWII, there was fear that many
  disillusioned people would turn to communism.
• The US implemented a plan by Secretary of State
  George Marshall that would rebuild Europe and
  improve the standard of living.
• Nations under the control of the USSR were not
  permitted by Stalin to accept the money.
• The nations that were part of the Marshall Plan
  were able to rebuild and feed their populations.

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The Berlin Blockade

• The free western sectors of Berlin were an
  irritant to Stalin. West Berlin was a visual
  reminder to the Soviet controlled areas that the
  west was freer and more successful.
• In 1948, Stalin ordered all highway, waterway,
  and rail traffic into West Berlin stopped. He
  felt that the US would have to abandoned West
  Berlin.
• Truman stepped up to the challenge.

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The Berlin Airlift

• President Truman ordered an airlift to bring ALL
  of the necessities for life that the people of
  West Berlin needed.
• British Air Commodore Reginald Waite had
  calculated the resources required to support the
  entire city. His calculations indicated that they
  would need to supply seventeen hundred calories
  per person per day, giving a grand total of 646
  tons of flour and wheat, 125 tons of cereal, 64
  tons of fat, 109 tons of meat and fish, 180 tons
  of dehydrated potatoes, 180 tons of sugar, 11
  tons of coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, five
  tons of whole milk for children, three tons of
  fresh yeast for baking, 144 tons of dehydrated
  vegetables, 38 tons of salt and ten tons of
  cheese. In total, 1,534 tons were needed daily to
  keep the over two million people alive.
  Additionally, the city needed to be kept heated
  and powered, which would require another 3,475
  tons of coal and gasoline.
• The airlift continued for over one year, until
  Stalin reopened the roads and rails.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• In 1949, the western powers organized a mutual
  defense pact against the Soviet threat. It was
  the counterpoint to the USSR led WARSAW PACT.
• The most import aspect of NATO was that an attack
  on any one member nation is considered an attack
  on all.
• 2009 membership includes Albania, Belgium,
  Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic,
  Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece,
  Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
  Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
  Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United
  States.
• ???Anyone see anything strange about the current
  members taking into consideration the 1949
  membership???

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Korea

• June 25, 1950 the communist forces of North Korea
  crossed the 38th parallel of latitude that was
  the post WWII border.
• South Korea asked the Security Council to help
  aggression against a member nation such action
  is against the charter of the United Nations.
• Thanks to the USSR missing the vote, the Security
  Council authorized member nations to send troops
  to repulse the North Korean attack.

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The Bamboo Curtain the Asian version of the
Iron Curtain

• General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of
  the US forces.
• The UN and US forces quickly pushed North Korean
  forces back to the 38th parallel.
• The UN and US forces went into North Korea and
  were soon near the Chinese border.
• Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong feared that
  the US would attack China so China entered the
  war on the side of North Korea.
• The war bogged down until 1953 when a truce was
  signed. There still is no peace treaty and
  technically the war has never ended.
• Losses
• US approx. 44,000
• South Korea 138,000
• North Korea 300,000
• China 114,000 or 400,000

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1954-1977
SEATO A NATO for the Pacific

•  Australia
•  Bangladesh
•  France
•  New Zealand
•  Pakistan
•  Philippines
•  Thailand
•  United Kingdom
•  United States
•  South Vietnam

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The Election of 1948

• In 1948, President Truman ran for election
  despite poor approval ratings. Most people
  expected him to lose.
• Many people thought that after 16 years it was
  time for someone other than a Democrat to be
  president.
• The Korean War was not a popular war.
• Inflation after the war was a problem.
• Liberal Republican New York Governor Thomas E.
  Dewey ask about the growing divisions within
  the Republican Party.

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The Election of 1952 I will go to Korea

• In 1952, WWII war hero General Dwight David Ike
  Eisenhower won the presidency for the
  Republicans.
• I Like Ike was his slogan.
• People liked Eisenhowers calm approach to the
  presidency and was an assuring presence.
• His vice-president was Californian Richard
  Milhous Nixon.

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The Soviet Nuclear Program what happens when
the USSR get the Atomic Bomb?

• John Foster Dulles was Secretary of State from
  1953-1959. He was an ardent anti-communist who
  feared the loss of Indochina to the communists
  and who helped to solidify the power of the Shah
  of Iran in 1953 (oops!)
• Brinksmanship Dulles believed in never backing
  down but in pushing the communists to the brink
  in situations
• Massive Retaliation Dulles helped to formulate
  a defense against nuclear attack by having so
  many bombs/missiles launched against an enemy
  that they would be destroyed too.
• Mutual Assured Destruction MAD the belief that
  if any nuclear war would destroy both sides no
  side would ever start one.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

• In 1957, President Eisenhower expanded upon the
  Truman Doctrine and promised to send US troops
  into any nation in the Middle east that was
  threatened by communism.
• In 1958, US marines were sent to Lebanon to
  bolster the pro-US government.

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Central Intelligence Agency

• In 1947, Congress created the Central
  Intelligence Agency designed to gather
  intelligence.
• President Eisenhower expanded the role of the CIA
  by approving COVERT missions that would support
  US interests throughout the world.
• The CIA helped to overthrow the Iranian prime
  minister in 1953 and the government of Guatemala
  in 1954.

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CIA Headquarters and statue of SJCIs William
Donovan Americas Spymaster
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SPUTNIK and NASA

• In 1957, the US and the west was shocked when the
  USSR launched the first satellite that orbited
  the Earth.
• The US had said that communism could never be as
  advanced as the west oops!
• Also, any missile that could launch a satellite
  could carry a nuclear warhead!
• President Eisenhower urged US students
  concentrate on science and math to develop US
  superiority in science.

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• The National Aeronautics and Space Act in 1958
  created NASA the National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration.
• In the Cold War, the US needed to control space
  as well as land and sea.

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U2? What U2?

• The US was embarrassed when the USSR shot down a
  U-2 spy plane over the USSR.
• May 1, 1960 pilot Gary Francis Powers was
  photographing secret USSR nuclear sites when he
  was shot down. This was 13 days before an
  important US-USSR summit conference in Paris.
• The US denied such spying even took place, then
  was forced to admit that a plane was missing but
  that it was not a spy mission.
• Eventually, Nikita Khrushchev announced that the
  US pilot was alive and the plane contained spying
  equipment.
• OOPS!

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The Cold War at Home The Red Scare

• The Cold War caused the US to look for enemies
  within the US as well spies, 5th columnists,
  traitors.
• In the Great Depression, many Americans looked to
  communism as an alternative to the capitalist
  system that seemed to collapse.
• During WWII, the public was told that the USSR
  was our ally and the communists were our friends.
• But that changed almost over night.
• But what about all of those socialists and
  communists from the 1930s? Were they to be
  trusted?

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House Committee of Un-American Activities

• HUAC was a committee that had been in existence
  for many years, but in the 1940s and 1950s, the
  committee began to investigate American citizens.
• Are you or have you ever been a member of the
  Communist Party?
• Do you know anyone who is or has been a member
  of the Communist Party?
• People had their careers and lives ruined if they
  were thought to be RED.

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The Hollywood Ten and the Blacklist

• Congress called people for all walks of life to
  testify if they knew communists but the
  attention on Hollywood captured the nation
  especially as committee hearings were on the new
  medium of television.
• The Hollywood Ten were ten writers, directors,
  and actors who were jailed rather than name
  names. People who supported them were often
  accused by association. Witch hunts they were
  called.
• People were blacklisted which meant that no one
  would hire them because they were or may have
  been RED.
• Naming Names remember the Seinfeld episode?

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Senator Joseph McCarthy - McCarthyism

• In the Senate, the search for communists was led
  by Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin.
• McCarthy used shady evidence, sometimes no
  evidence to ruin peoples lives.
• For several years he was able to do what he
  wanted because people were so afraid of him.
  Even Eleanor Roosevelt was seen as a possible
  communist.
• McCarthy had begun by looking for communists and
  spies in the government but his attacks so
  repulsed people that the term MCCARTHYISM is used
  to describe a savage attack with little or no
  proof where people were afraid to associate
  with each other with hunts.
• ???Were there spies in the government???

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Even Lucille Ball had her career threatened
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Margaret Chase Smith Republican first woman
to be elected to the House of Representatives and
the Senate - Maine

• Moscow Maggie
• Those of us who shout the loudest about
  Americanism in making character assassinations
  are all too frequently those who, by our own
  words and acts, ignore some of the basic
  principles of Americanism. The right to
  criticize. The right to hold unpopular beliefs.
  The right to protest. The right of independent
  thought.  

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Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers Pumpkin Patch
let me tell you a story
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Anti-Communist Richard Nixon
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The Rosenbergs

• On June 19, 1953 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were
  electrocuted as spies who transferred atomic
  information to the USSR.
• The trial was sensational with demonstrations
  around the world protesting their convictions and
  death sentences.
• It was the most watched trial of the 1950s.
• Their two orphaned sons spent the next fifty
  years proclaiming their parents innocence.
• When I was in school and in college everyone
  knew that they were innocent and that they were
  killed by crazy anti-communists. Thats what I
  was taughtbut was that true?
• Let me tell you a story

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Bomb Shelters and Air Raid Drills Duck and Cover

• Americans in the 1950s were certain that if the
  Soviets attacked a homemade bomb shelter would
  save the day!
• CIVIL DEFENSE also created fall out shelters in
  major buildings and implemented air raid drills
  in schools.

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