EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES
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ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

• A formal body of knowledge discovered, developed,
  and disseminated through scholarly research and
  inquiry

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
What is the meaning of each of these?

• A body of knowledge
• A conceptual framework
• Scholarly procedures and methods of inquiry
• Both the process of discovery and the end result

Describe the research process.
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THE RESEARCH PROCESS

• Identify the topics, themes, concepts, terms, or
  keywords (broadly, then narrow as appropriate)
  may use a search engine like Google to begin but
  do not use this exclusively http//www.google.com/
  webhp?hlenbtnGGoogleSearch
• When using web sites, you must differentiate
  between scholarly, professional organizations,
  governmental, wikis, plogs, commercial, etc.
• http//scholar.google.com/
• http//www.acsm.org//AM/Template.cfm?SectionHome_
  Page
• http//www.nih.gov/
• http//www.caate.net/
• Format of information books professional (peer
  reviewed) journal articles popular articles
  other
• Databases http//www.lib.ku.edu/
• Sport Discus http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search
  ?vid1hid13sid5867a1ea-5009-42d8-901f-3d63d462
  d72640SRCSM1

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NATURAL, PHYSICAL, AND SCOIAL SCIENCES

• Numerous disciplines provide the content and
  methods of scientific inquiry used by researchers
  in the exercise and sport sciences

• Anatomy
• Biochemistry
• Biology
• Chemistry
• History
• Philosophy
• Physics
• Physiology
• Psychology
• Sociology

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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• The study of the causes and consequences of
  bodily functioning and changes occurring due to
  physical activity
• Based on an understanding of the anatomic and
  physiological bases of human movement
• Investigates the biochemical reactions that
  supply muscles with energy
• Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and
  other physiological parameters

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ATHLETIC TRAINING

• The study and application of the prevention,
  treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries
• Design and help implement conditioning programs
• Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid
  
• Provide preventive taping and treatment
  modalities
• Work with physicians to help athletes regain
  their abilities to perform

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MOTOR LEARNING

• The study of the internal processes associated
  with movement or repetitive actions that result
  in changes in response or performance
• Important to the learning of motor skills are
• Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and
  skills
• Transfer of learning
• Involvement of cognitive processes
• Types of practice sessions
• Feedback
• Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned
  through motor control, motor learning adds
  knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal
  practice methods

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MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• The maturation and changes in motor behavior
  throughout life and the factors that affect them
  
• Performance of motor skills is influenced by
  genetic, environmental, and developmental factors
• Throughout life, individuals progress from
  unskilled movements to the learning of complex
  motor patterns
• Perceptual-motor skills are especially important
  to the learning of sport skills

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SPORT BIOMECHANICS

• The study of the effects of anatomical and
  physiological effects of natural laws and
  internal and external forces acting on the human
  body during movement
• Factors that influence human movement include
• Force of muscular contractions
• Flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of
  muscles
• Composition of muscle fibers
• Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of
  support
• Transfer of momentum
• Force absorption
• Leverage
• Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration,
  energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity

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SPORT HISTORY

• The descriptive and analytical examination of
  significant people, events, organizations, and
  trends that shaped the past
• Descriptive history explains
• Events
• Individuals contributions
• Pivotal happenings
• Analytical history explains
• The significance of historical occurrences
• Interpretations within the societal context

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SPORT MANAGEMENT

• The study of the theoretical and applied aspects
  of leading, planning, organizing, staffing,
  funding, and conducting sporting events
• Includes these management functions planning,
  organizing, directing, and evaluating
• Involves business components of marketing,
  accounting, economics, finance, and law

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SPORT PHILOSOPHY

• The study of the beliefs and values of humans as
  displayed within sport and an analysis of their
  meaning and significance
• Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and
  bad in sport
• Seeks an understanding of how and why people play
  and engage in sport

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SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY

• The study of human behavior in sport, including
  an understanding of the mental processes that
  interact with motor skill performance
• Includes a study of the theories of learning,
  importance of reinforcement, and linkages of
  perceptual and motor factors
• Involves a understanding of achievement
  motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality
  development

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SPORT SOCIOLOGY

• The study of the sport as a social phenomenon and
  an examination of the social structures,
  processes, and groups within the sporting context
  
• Seeking to understand why people play and how
  their involvement with sports influences them
• Examines concepts such as social mobility, class
  and gender stratification, racial and ethnic
  discrimination, team dynamics, and social
  consciousness and values

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ

• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  oxygen utilization during cardiorespiratory
  exercise and metabolic responses to exercise and
  training?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences
  describes and analyzes the past?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  how people learn skills, especially through
  practice and feedback?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  how sport impacts social units, processes, and
  institutions?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes
  the impact of motion, force, and energy on sport
  performance?

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ

• Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes
  the developmental patterns associated with
  movement and skill performance?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses
  extensive knowledge of the body to help athletes
  stay injury free and return to competition
  safely?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences seeks to
  understand why people act as they do based on
  their values?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences involves
  providing sports products and conducting sporting
  events?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses
  various mental coping strategies to aid sports
  performances?

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TECHNOLOGY

• Incorporates the use of computer software as a
  tool to achieve physical education, exercise
  science, and sport goals Name several examples
• Exercise and sport scientists use technology
  hardware and software to help in the analysis of
  human movement, to measure the effectiveness of
  exercise programs on bodily functions, and for
  data collection and analysis.
• Databases with the help of search engines provide
  online access to professional journals and other
  information.

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HUMANITIES

• Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of movement,
  such as through art, literature, and music
• Art includes various forms of dance and
  sculptures and frescos of athletes and human
  movement.
• Literature can include sports biographies as well
  as analytical critiques about sport and physical
  activity.
• Music can accompany human movement to enrich the
  experience.