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Title: Phylums of Protista


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(No Transcript)
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Phylums of Protista
3
Bacillariophyta
  • Diatoms
  • Double shell made of silica
  • Photosynthetic
  • Complicated life cycle
  • Unicellular

4
Chlorophyta
  • Green algae
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Probable ancestor of land plants
  • Found in freshwater and marine
  • Alternation of generations

5
Rhodophyta
  • Red algae
  • Sea weeds
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Phycobilins
  • Commercially valuable
  • Alternation of generations

6
Phaeophyta
  • Brown algae
  • Kelp, sargassum
  • Marine
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Complex structures
  • Alternation of generations

7
Alternation of generations
8
Rhizopoda
  • Amoebas
  • Move by use of pseudopodia
  • Heterotrophic
  • Unicellular
  • Forams marine members of the group

9
Dinoflagellata
  • Dinoflagellates
  • 2 flagella
  • unicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • produce toxins

10
Zoomastigina
  • Unicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • 1-1000s of flagella
  • Some reproduce sexually
  • Help termites
  • Cause illness in humans

11
Euglenophyta
  • Euglena
  • photosynthetic /or heterotrophic
  • unicellular
  • flagellum
  • light sensitive

12
Ciliophora
  • Paramecium
  • Unicellular
  • Cilia to move
  • Micronucleus macronucleus
  • Conjugation

13
Acrasiomycota
  • Cellular slime molds
  • Amoebalike
  • Congregate and reproduce sexually during times of
    environmental stress

14
Myxomycota
  • Plasmoidial slime molds
  • Mass of cytoplasm that moves like an amoeba
  • Splits up and forms spores when conditions are bad

15
Oomycota
  • Water molds, white rusts, downy mildews
  • Grow on dead organisms in water
  • Parasites or decomposers

16
Chytridiomycota
  • Motile cells with a single flagellum
  • Evidence for an evolutionary relationship with
    Kingdom Fungi

17
Sporozoa
  • Nonmotile
  • Spore forming
  • Unicellular
  • Parasites
  • Plasmodium causes Malaria

18
MALARIA
19
PROTIST CAUSED DISEASE
20
KINGDOM FUNGI
  • HETEROTROPHIC
  • MULTICELLULAR, A FEW UNICELLULAR
  • ABSORB NUTRIENTS FROM ENVIRONMENT
  • DECOMPOSERS
  • CHITIN CELL WALL
  • NUCLEAR MITOSIS

21
Fungi structure
  • Filamentous body
  • Filaments called HYPHAE
  • Body called MYCELIUM
  • Walls dividing cells are SEPTA

22
Zygomycota
  • Black bread mold
  • Sexual structures are zygosporangia
  • Asexual reproduction more common
  • Dispersed by wind

23
Ascomycota
  • Sac fungi
  • Spores form in a saclike ASCUS
  • Usually reproduce asexually, but may reproduce
    sexually
  • Distributed by wind

24
Yeast
  • Common and commercially important sac fungus
  • Unicellular
  • 350 species
  • Some helpful, some harmful
  • Budding or fission

25
Basidiomycota
  • Club fungi
  • Usually reproduce sexually
  • Smuts and rusts reproduce asexually and are plant
    pathogens
  • Mushrooms and puffballs are common examples

26
Mushroom
27
KINGDOM PLANTAE
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Alternation of generations
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Autotrophic

28
Adaptations to land
  • 440 mya, plants fungi invaded land
  • Mycorrhizae probably helped with mineral
    absorption
  • Fungi absorb minerals
  • Found in 80 of todays plants

29
Conserving water
  • Cuticle - waxy covering
  • Stomata - pores in leaves, permit gas exchange
    and limit water loss
  • Guard cells control size of opening in stomata

30
Reproduction on land
  • Early/primitive plants required a film of water
    for sperm to swim to egg
  • Egg protected by layer of cells
  • More advanced plants use pollen to transfer sperm
    without a film of water present
  • Seeds and spores tolerate dry conditions

31
Vascular system
  • In dry conditions, permits movement of water and
    nutrients within the plant
  • Pipeline of specialized hollow cells within the
    plant
  • Runs from top to bottom and to each leaf
  • 3 divisions lack a vascular system

32
Alternation of generations
  • Method used by plants to reproduce sexually
  • Sporophyte generation (2n) uses meiosis to
    produce spores (n)
  • Gametophyte generation (n) uses mitosis to
    produce gametes (n)
  • Gametes fuse to produce zygote (2n)

33
Divisions of Plantae
34
Hepatophyta
  • Liverworts
  • Nonvascular
  • Simplest plants
  • Gametophyte dominant

35
Anthocerophyta
  • Hornworts
  • Nonvascular
  • Gametophyte dominant
  • Has stomata

36
Bryophyta
  • Mosses
  • Simple vascular tissue
  • Gametophyte dominant
  • Lacks true roots, leaves, and stem
  • Sporophyte grows on female gametophyte
  • Requires moist habitat

37
Moss life cycle/ alternation of generations
38
Vascular plants
  • Have true vascular tissue
  • Less dependent on water or high humidity than
    nonvascular plants
  • All of the following divisions are vascular
    plants.

39
Psilophyta
  • Whisk ferns
  • Seedless
  • Dominant sporophyte
  • Independent gametophyte
  • Has leaves but no true roots or stem
  • True vascular plant
  • Found in tropics

40
Sphenophyta
  • Horsetails
  • Seedless
  • Dominant sporophyte
  • Independent, small gametophyte
  • Ribbed, jointed stems w/ soft needle-like leaves
    at joints
  • Found near rivers or streams

41
Lycophyta
  • Club mosses
  • Seedless
  • Dominant sporophyte that looks like moss
  • Independent gametophyte
  • Fossilized tree forms were once up to 50 feet
    tall, today rarely more than 1 foot tall

42
Pterophyta
  • Seedless
  • Dominant sporophyte
  • Roots, horizontal stems, fronds
  • Spores produced in clusters of sporangia

43
Fern life cycle
44
Coniferophyta
  • Gymnosperms
  • Ovules not in ovary
  • Produce cones
  • Leaves as needles or scales
  • Tiny gametophyte
  • Large, dominant sporophyte

45
Conifer life cycle
46
Adaptations of conifers
  • Leaves reduced to needles or scales
  • Very waxy cuticle
  • Wind pollenation
  • Soft wood
  • Cones

47
Cycadophyta
  • Gymnosperms
  • Palmlike leaves
  • Male female cones on separate plants
  • Cardboard palm

48
Ginkgophyta
  • Gymnosperm
  • Deciduous
  • Conelike male structures and uncovered seeds on
    separate individuals
  • Only 1 living species

49
Gnetophyta
  • Gymnosperms
  • Diverse group of shrubs and vines

50
Anthophyta
  • Flowering plants
  • Angiosperms - ovules in an ovary
  • Tiny gametophytes
  • Dominant sporophyte
  • Diverse group
  • Divided into monocots and dicots

51
Plant structure
  • Leaves
  • Stem
  • Roots
  • Flowers

52
Plants are made of 3 types of tissue
  • DERMAL TISSUE - protective outer layer
  • GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM - photosynthesis, storage,
    transport, surrounds/supports conducting tissues
  • VASCULAR TISSUE - moves water, mineral nutrients,
    carbohydrates

53
General structures
54
Leaves
  • Site of most photosynthesis
  • Attached to stem by petiole
  • Vascular tissue forms veins
  • May be modified for other jobs or situations

55
Leaf cross section
56
Leaf components
  • GROUND TISSUE -- mesophyll, site of
    photosynthesis
  • DERMAL -- epidermis, produces cuticle
  • VASCULAR -- veins (xylem phloem), transports
    water, nutrients, carbohydrates
  • Air spaces stomata -- gas exchange

57
Stem components
  • Nodes - where leaves attach
  • Internodes - areas of stem between nodes
  • Lateral buds - become branches
  • Terminal bud - tip of stem
  • Cortex - ground tissue layers
  • Pith - inner layers

58
Herbaceous stems
  • Soft, flexible
  • Usually green
  • Outermost layer epidermis
  • Vascular bundles
  • Can carryout gas exchange w/ stomata

59
Woody stems
  • Stiff, rigid
  • Not green
  • Heartwood dead xylem
  • Sapwood live xylem
  • Phloem forms outer cylinder
  • Cork cells replace epidermis

60
Comparison of stems
61
Stem modifications
62
Root structures
  • Vascular tissue at center
  • Cortex surrounds vascular tissue
  • Dermis on outside
  • Root hairs - extensions of dermal cells, increase
    surface area
  • Root cap - protective layer of cells at tip

63
Structure of roots
64
Root modifications
65
Movement of water
  • Water enters through roots
  • Moves through stem in the xylem
  • Is lost by transpiration through the stomata
  • Tension-cohesion theory -- water molecules pull
    each other along up the xylem (cohesion
    adhesion w/ hydrogen bonds)

66
Water movement
67
Guard cells regulate the rate of transpiration by
opening/closing stomata
68
Sugars are moved through a plant by the process
illustrated by the pressure-flow model.
69
Sugar transport
  • Source - part of plant providing sugar
  • Sink - part of plant where sugar is stored (this
    what we usually eat)
  • Translocation - movement of sugar
  • Combination of osmosis diffusion and the
    pressure they create move the sugar

70
Flowering plant reproduction
  • Flowers are complex reproductive structures
  • Produce seeds (aid in distribution)
  • Some produce fruit

71
Seed structure
72
Functions of seed structures
  • Endosperm - energy source for embryo
  • Cotyledons - embryonic leaves
  • Embryo - potential plant
  • Seed coat - protection of embryo and its food
    source

73
Seed modifications for dispersal
74
Origin of seed fruit structures from flowers
75
Plant development
76
Flower structure
77
Functions of flower parts
  • Carpel/pistil - female part of flower contains
    ovary w/ ovule, makes eggs
  • Stamen - male part of flower filament supports
    anther that makes pollen
  • Petals - entice pollenators
  • Sepals - may help entice pollenators or protect
    flower bud

78
Angiosperm lifecycle
79
Monocots v. Dicots
80
Examples of monocots
81
Dicots
82
Primary Growth
  • Growth at tips of roots and stems
  • Occurs in apical meristem
  • Apical meristem uses hormones to control growth
  • Produces primary tissues
  • As they grow, the cells differentiate into tissues

83
Apical meristem
84
Secondary growth
  • Lateral meristems produce secondary growth
  • Produces secondary tissues
  • Thickens the stems and roots
  • Adds layers of cells around the plant

85
Plants continue to grow
  • Plants grow throughout their lives
  • Differentiation continues through the entire
    life, but is reversible
  • Can clone a plant by culturing ANY of its cells
  • Tissue culture is important in commercial plant
    production (orchids)

86
Plant life cycles
  • ANNUALS - complete life cycle in 1 year
  • BIENNIALS - complete life cycle in 2 years
  • PERENNIALS - complete life cycle in more than 2
    years DECIDUOUS - shed leaves periodically
    EVERGREEN -shed a few leaves at a time, all the
    time

87
Role of nutrients
  • Required for growth
  • Use CO2 H2O
  • Mineral nutrients are derived from soil
  • nitrogen -- proteins, nucleic acids,
    chlorophylls, coenzymes
  • phosphorous -- ATP/ADP, nucleic acids,
    phospholipids, coenzymes
  • potassium-- active transport, activate enzymes,
    osmotic balance, open stomata
  • magnesium -- chlorophyll, photosynthesis,
    activate enzymes
  • sulfur -- proteins, coenzyme A, cellular
    respiration

88
Plant hormones
  • 1851, Charles Francis Darwin
  • Experimented on growth of young plants toward
    light (phototropism)
  • Gelatin caps allowed light to reach the tip of
    the plant, plant would bend
  • If light were blocked from the tip, the plant
    would not bend
  • Concluded that there was a signal generated by
    the tip
  • Today, we call it a hormone.

89
Darwins experiment
90
Types of plant hormone
  • AUXIN
  • produced in tips of stems
  • maintains apical dominance and controls leaf
    fruit drop
  • CYTOKININS
  • produced in root tips
  • stimulate cell division, promote lateral growth,
    inhibit leaf drop
  • ETHYLENE
  • produced in most tissues
  • stimulates ripening, promotes bud/leaf/fruit
    drop, slows lateral growth
  • GIBBERELLINS
  • produced in developing shoots and seeds
  • stimulate cell division and elongation, seed
    germination fruit development

91
Tropisms
  • Growth response by a plant
  • PHOTOTROPISM - stem grows toward light ()
    roots grow away from light (-)
  • GRAVITROPISM - upward growth of stem (-) growth
    of roots toward gravity ()
  • THIGMOTROPISMS - growth responses to touch
    (tendrils wrapping around a twig)

92
Thigmotropism, Phototropism, Gravitropism
93
Photoperiodism
  • Response of plant to length of day
  • Short-day plant - responds when day shorter than
    critical length
  • Long-day plant - responds when day longer than
    critical length
  • Day-neutral plant - not affected by day length

94
Day length plants
95
Dormancy
  • Condition in which plant or seed remains inactive
    for long period of time
  • Probably initiated by ABSCISIC ACID (a plant
    hormone)
  • Usually broken when conditions are favorable for
    growth
  • Different plants use different strategies

96
Kingdom Animalia
  • Phyla, Characteristics, and Evolutionary Trends

97
Animals
  • Heterotrophs
  • Ingest food
  • Multicellular
  • No cell wall
  • Most able to move
  • Most reproduce sexually
  • Symmetry
  • Tissues and organs

98
Evolutionary Stages in Animals
  • Multicellularity - organisms made of more than 1
    cell
  • Tissues - cells working together to perform a
    task
  • Bilateral symmetry - equal right and left halves
  • Body cavity - space for organs
  • Coelom - body cavity lined with endoderm
  • Segmentation - specialization repetition
  • Jointed appendages - greater flexibility
  • Deuterostomes - more cell specialization, 2
    openings
  • Notochord - support for dorsal nerve cord

99
Animal phyla
100
Invertebrates
  • Animals without backbones
  • About 99 of all animals
  • Wide diversity
  • Highly successful group

101
Porifera
  • Multicellular
  • No specialized tissues
  • Asymmetrical
  • Filter feeders
  • Sessile
  • Spicules protein fiber support
  • Amoebocytes - mobile cells in the sponge
  • Regenerate
  • Choanocyte resembles choanoflagellates,
    evolutionary link

102
Sponge diversity
103
Sponge reproduction
104
Phylum Cnidaria
  • Radial symmetry
  • Eumetazoans (3 distinct tissue layers)
  • All aquatic
  • 3 classes
  • 2 basic body plans - polyp medusa
  • Extracellular digestion
  • Cnidocytes Nematocysts
  • Reproduce sexually asexually (budding)

105
Eumetazoan tissue layers
  • Endoderm
  • innermost layer
  • digestive tube associated organs
  • Mesoderm
  • middle layer
  • skeleton muscles
  • Ectoderm
  • outermost layer
  • external coverings nervous system

106
Class Hydrozoa
  • Freshwater hydras - individuals, polyp
  • Portuguese man-of-war
  • colonies
  • medusa polyp
  • Basal disk - makes sticky substance used to hang
    on
  • tentacles used to catch prey
  • planula larvae

107
Hydra movement
108
Hydrozoa reproduction
109
Class Scyphozoa
  • Jelly fish
  • Medusa form dominant
  • Float in water, weak swimmers
  • Active predators
  • Cnidocytes/nematocytes - special cells that
    inject venom into the prey
  • Microscopic to 100 yards long

110
Class Anthozoa
  • Corals, sea anemones
  • Polyp form dominant
  • Predators
  • Use tentacles to trap prey
  • Corals have symbiotic dinoflagellates called
    zooxanthellae

111
Phylum Ctenophora
  • Comb jellies
  • Minor phylum related to Cnidaria
  • Carnivores that capture their prey with their
    tentacles

112
Phylum Platyhelminthes
  • Flatworms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Cephalization
  • Organs present
  • No respiratory or circulatory systems
  • Only 1 body opening
  • Acoelomate
  • Some free-living species, most parasitic
  • 1mm - 10 m

113
Bilateral symmetry
114
Class Turbellaria
  • Planarians
  • Free living
  • Pharynx - muscular built in straw used to feed
  • Marine freshwater species

115
Class Trematoda
  • Parasitic flatworms
  • endoparasites - inside host
  • ectoparasites - outside host
  • Flukes
  • Complicated life cycles with 2 or more hosts
  • Cause Schistosomiasis, Human liver fluke

116
Fluke lifecycle
117
Class Cestoda
  • Tapeworms
  • Endoparasites
  • Lack mouths digestive systems
  • Proglottids - segments that are reproductive
    factories
  • Up to 12 m / 40 ft long
  • Beef tapeworm infects humans

118
Beef tapeworm
119
Phylum Rhynchocoela
  • Ribbon worms
  • Marine
  • 0.31 m -30 m long (up to 100 ft)
  • Acoelomate
  • Digestive tube with 2 openings
  • Circulatory system
  • Predators

120
Phylum Nematoda
  • Round worms
  • Pseudocoelomate - cavity between endoderm and
    mesoderm
  • Muscles lengthwise - causes wriggling motion
  • Gut with mouth anus
  • Free living parasitic
  • Most are microscopic
  • Commonly found in soil
  • Ascaris, Necator, Trichinella human parasites

121
Advantages of pseudocoelom
  • Allows fluids to circulate in the cavity
  • Fluids in cavity make body rigid (hydrostatic
    skeleton) allowing muscles to produce movement
  • Organ function is improved because less
    distortion occurs
  • 7 phyla considered pseudocoelomates

122
Phylum Rotifera
  • Rotifers
  • Free-living, microscopic predators
  • Require moist habitat
  • Row of cilia surrounds mouth, pulls prey into
    mouth
  • 2 body openings and pseudocoelom

123
Rotifer
124
Phylum Tardigrada
  • Water bears, moss piglets
  • Pseudocoelomates
  • Predators or herbivores
  • Cryptobiosis
  • Complex animals
  • Found in all ecosystems

125
Water bear
126
Phylum Mollusca
  • Coelomate-
  • fluid filled body cavity entirely within the
    mesoderm
  • primary induction (interaction of the 3 tissue
    types) causes differentiation of tissues during
    development
  • Bilateral symmetry

127
  • Organ systems
  • circulation
  • open, blood leaves vessels, bathes muscles
  • heart has 2 chambers that receive blood from
    gills, 1 chamber pumps blood to body
  • closed system - blood never leaves vessels
  • respiration
  • gills in mantle cavity, through skin, or
    primitive lung
  • digestion
  • excretion
  • nephridia remove wastes from bodily fluids
  • 3 part body plan - muscular foot, head, visceral
    mass

128
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129
Mollusc diversity
  • 7 classes
  • probable ancestor - flattened, unsegmented,
    wormlike animal
  • Polyplacophora - most primitive class, commonly
    called chitons

130
Class Bivalvia
  • Clams, oysters, scallops
  • 2 shells (valves) with a hinge
  • shells secreted by the mantle (tissue that covers
    the visceral mass)
  • adductor muscles close the shell by contracting
  • use the foot to dig
  • sessile filter feeders
  • no distinct head or brain (nerve ganglia remain
    above the foot)

131
  • siphons - tubes through which water passes
  • gills - gas exchange
  • mucus covers gills traps food, mucus is moved to
    the mouth by cilia, food removed
  • reproduce sexually
  • separate sexes
  • external fertilization
  • development -- embryo --gt trochophore larvae --gt
    veliger larvae --gt adult
  • commercially valuable for food and pearls

132
Clam anatomy
133
Class Gastropoda
  • snails, slugs, nudabranchs
  • stomach footed animals
  • mostly marine, some freshwater terrestrial
  • use the foot for motion
  • terrestrial species secrete mucus from the foot
    to aid movement

134
  • eyes located on tentacles on the head
  • slugs nudibranchs lost the shell
  • snails - univalves (1 shell)
  • torsion - visceral mass rotates 180o during
    development, mantle cavity moves to the front of
    the animal
  • gas exchange - gills, skin, or primitive lung
  • herbivores use radula to graze on algae
  • carnivores use radula to spear or drill prey
  • some species inject venom with radula (cone
    shells)

135
nudibranch slugs
136
Cone shell hunting
137
Class Cephalopoda
  • squids, octopuses, chambered nautiluses,
    cuttlefishes
  • head footed animals
  • foot divided into tentacles
  • head attached directly to foot
  • tentacles have suction cups /or hooks used to
    capture prey

138
View of octopus tentacles
139
  • Use jet propulsion to move (force water out of
    siphon from the mantle)
  • highly intelligent (complex nervous system) even
    show problem solving skills
  • well developed, complex eyes
  • separate sexes
  • internal fertilization
  • lays eggs

140
Phylum Annelida
  • true coelom
  • segmentation
  • nearly identical
  • some fuse during development
  • some stay separate
  • organ systems
  • highly specialized gut
  • closed circulatory system
  • many nephridia

141
  • bristles
  • setae - external hairs
  • parapodia - fleshy appendages
  • lots of specialization
  • cephalization
  • closed circulatory system
  • faster, more pressure
  • larger vessels act as hearts
  • gas exchange through body surfaces
  • excretion by nephridia
  • ciliated funnel shaped structures
  • 1 pair / segment
  • wastes exit through pores

142
Annelid characteristics
143
Polychaetes
  • Marine segmented worms
  • Powerful, free-living predators burrowers
    filter feeders
  • Well developed head
  • Parapodia (fleshy projects on each segment)
  • Separate sexes
  • External fertilization
  • Trochophore larvae

144
Oligochaetes
  • Earthworms
  • terrestrial
  • eat their way through the soil
  • gizzard grinds organic material
  • head eyes greatly reduced

145
Hirudinea
  • Leeches
  • suckers at both ends
  • crawl
  • aquatic habitats
  • 1 to 1 long
  • predators, scavengers, parasites

146
Phylum Arthropoda
  • probably evolved from annelids
  • velvet worms (Onycophorans) show blend of annelid
    arthropod characteristics
  • DNA shows actually arthropods closely related to
    scorpions, not separate phylum

147
  • trilobites were the most successful marine group
    of arthropods
  • became extinct 250 million years ago
  • 3 lobes on body
  • very diverse widely distributed group
  • scorpions were first terrestrial arthropods
  • 425 million years ago
  • evolved from sea scorpions (now extinct)

148
Mandibulates v. Chelicerates
  • Mandibulates - 1st pair of appendages modified
    into jaws
  • crustaceans, insects, centipedes, millipedes
  • Chelicerates - 1st pair of appendages modified
    into fangs or pincers
  • mites, spiders, scorpions

149
Body plan characteristics
  • jointed appendages - allow flexibility
  • segmentation - may fuse segments
  • head - most have separate head, some have fused
    head thorax (cephalothorax)
  • exoskeleton - chitin, some also have calcium
    carbonate
  • compound eyes - not clear images, but excellent
    motion detectors
  • ommatidia - individual units of compound eyes
  • ocelli - single lens, no images, detect light
    dark
  • circulation - open system, heart on top, blood
    flows through body spaces

150
  • spiracles - terrestrial respiration
  • tracheae - tubes
  • spiracles - openings, controled by valves, limit
    water loss

151
Malpighian tubules - excretory system -
eliminates wastes, saves water - extend from
gut, filter contents of blood
152
  • wings - insects were first animals to fly
  • ecdysis - molting
  • to grow, must shed old exoskeleton
  • triggered by hormones

153
Arthropod diversity
154
Arachnids
  • Spiders, mites, ticks, granddaddy longlegs,
    horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
  • Chelicerae (fangs/pincers)
  • palps (catch / handle prey)
  • all except mites are carnivores
  • primarily terrestrial

155
Scorpions
  • palps are pincers
  • venomous stinger
  • evolved from eurypterids (sea scorpions)
  • first terrestrial arthropods

156
Spiders
  • chelicerae modified into venomous fangs
  • webs used for capturing prey and protection
  • predators

157
Mites
  • largest most diverse group of arachnids
  • includes chiggers ticks
  • all segments are fused
  • 8 legged adult
  • marine aquatic species are herbivores
  • terrestrial species are carnivores

158
Crustaceans
  • primarily aquatic
  • crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, barnacles,
    water fleas, pill bugs
  • mandibulates

159
Crustacean characteristics
  • appendages branched at ends
  • naupilus larva
  • exoskeleton contains calcium carbonate
  • 2 pairs of antennae
  • 3 pairs of chewing appendages
  • legs attached to abdomen and thorax
  • breathe with gills

160
Decapods
  • 5 pairs of walking legs
  • cephalothorax - head thorax fused
  • carapace - top shield on cephalothorax
  • swimmerets - appendages on abdomen used to swim
    in reproduction
  • uropods - flattened, paddle-like appendages at
    the end of the abdomen
  • telson - tail spine
  • largest arthropods (lobster, crabs, crayfish)
  • most are minute (copepods, daphnia)
  • terrestrial species pill bugs (isopods)

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Uniramia
  • most millipedes, centipedes, insects
  • are terrestrial able to fly
  • millipedes centipedes -
  • head segments
  • millipedes - 2 pairs of legs / segment
  • centipedes - 1 pair of legs / segment

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  • insects
  • largest group of animals on earth
  • primarily terrestrial
  • 7 common orders
  • most are small
  • segmentation
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • 3 pair of legs attached to thorax
  • 1 pair of antennae
  • no wings or 1 or 2 pairs of wings attached to the
    rear segments of the thorax (2nd or 3rd segment)
  • wings are solid chitin
  • metamorphosis - change from juvenile to adult
  • social insects - Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps)
    isoptera (termites)
  • caste determined by genetics or food

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Incomplete metamorphosis (10 of insects) v.
Complete metamorphosis (90 of insects)
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Echinoderms
  • sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies
  • adults
  • radial symmetry 5 part body plan
  • no head or brain
  • nervous system ring of nerves with branches
  • larvae have bilateral symmetry
  • endoskeleton - ossicles (calcium plates), spines
    may project out
  • 5 part radial symmetry
  • water vascular system - tube feet, used for
    movement

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  • coelomate
  • body cavity acts as simple circulatory system
  • respiration waste removal by skin gills
  • 20 extinct classes, 5 living classes
  • Asteroidea -
  • sea stars
  • carnivores
  • 5 arms with central disk
  • Feather stars sea lilies-
  • mouth on upper surface
  • sea lilies most primitive echinoderm, sessile
  • Brittle stars
  • slender branched arms

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  • Sea urchins sand dollars
  • no arms
  • hard exoskeleton
  • grazers
  • Sea cucumbers
  • skeleton not fused, body soft
  • mouth surrounded by tube feet modified into
    tentacles used for feeding
  • when threatened regergitates its internal organs
    and crawls away
  • Echinoderm diversity illustrated on next slide

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Invertebrate chordates
  • Phylum Chordata
  • 3 subphyla
  • Urochodata
  • tunicates
  • sessile, filter feeding adults
  • larvae have coelom, dorsal nerve cord, notochord,
    bilateral symmetry (chordate characteristics)

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  • Cephalochordata
  • lancelets
  • scaleless, fishlike animals
  • small
  • no head or eyes
  • probably direct ancestors of fish

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Chordate relationships
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