MUSIC

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MUSIC
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• Narrow range

• Wider range

• Instruments

• Ornaments

• Vocal

• Tempo sustained

• Homophonic

• Dynamics sustained

• No barring

• Contrapuntal

• Modal

• Orchestra

• Opera

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• Etymology
• French - baroque
• Portuguese - barroco
• Strangeness distortion confused harmony
• Lavished highly ornamented musicof 17th -
  18th century

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• Individualism
• Soloists
• Vocal Instrumental
• Emotional expression
• Poetry
• Improvisation

• Humanism
• Revival of Greek dramas
• Tonality
• Search for new expressive means

• Secularism
• Patronage of music
• Medici
• Display of wealth

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• Opera
• Revival of Greek dramas
• Music throughout
• Claudio Monteverdi
• Theatres in Venice

• Tonality (Scales)
• Chromatic resources
• No modes
• New notes keys
• Major/Minor Key System
• Organization

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• Orchestra
• Strings unit
• Winds soloists
• Dynamic Melodic Effects
• Accompanied operas

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• Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750)
• Family of musicians
• Prince Leopold
• Sacred to secular music
• Music education for children
• Contrapuntal

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• Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757)
• Harpsichordist
• Spain - Court of Madrid
• Keyboard techniques

• Antonio Vivaldi (1678 - 1741)
• Violinist
• Concertos Operas
• String instrument techniques

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Character/Mood Sustained throughout
Tempo Dynamics Sustained throughout
Texture Polyphonic Forms Dance, Concerto, Prelu
de, Fugue Range Wider than Renaissance, but stil
l limited Melody Contrapuntal
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• Dances Lively in character and subdivided into
  many forms
  
• Concertos Music written for orchestras
• Preludes Movement before the actual music
  piece
  
• Fugues Contrapuntal music (repetition)

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CLASSICAL PERIOD
1750-1820
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• From BAROQUE to CLASSICAL
• simplistic style as compared to the heavy
  decoration of Baroque period
  
• Period was found by the influence of Ancient
  Roman architecture and from the philosophical
  ideas of the Greeks which were concerned with
  perfect proportion
• Age of Reason
• Ideals of balance and contrast, proportion,
  reason, structure, texture, instrumentation,
  enlightenment, restraint and disciplined
  expression led to a simpler texture
• educated in music high class
• not for religious reasons but for entertainment

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CLASSICAL PERIOD
harpsichord

• CLASSICAL MUSIC INSTRUMENTS
• Harpsichord
• The piano a.k.a forte piano
• Organ was still in use by the church
• French Horn and Clarinet
• String instruments especially the violin and cello

Violin
piano
cello
French horn
clarinet
organ
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• CLASSICAL MUSIC INSTRUMENTS cont.
• Orchestra - grew in size from the baroque period
• Chamber orchestra a smaller orchestra played
  with the same instruments but in smaller
  quantities quantity of instruments limited down
  to two

orchestra
Chamber orchestra
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL STYLE and CHARACTERISTICS
• Perfection
• structure
• Simple yet tuneful
• Used form overall plan of a piece of
  music contrasttwo or more things that are
  different themean important melody that is
  heard several times in a piece of music
• Movementself-contained section of an extended
  (BIG) composition e.g. sonata, symphony

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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL STYLE and CHARACTERISTICS cont.
• Alberti base broken chord with a repeating bass
  note mainly used in piano pieces as the
  accompaniment
  

Alberti Base
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL STYLE and CHARACTERISTICS cont.
• Sonata form structure of a piece of music with
  three sections found in the first movement of
  most Sonatas which have three to four movements.
  
• Section one EXPOSITION
• Section two DEVELOPMENT
• Section threeRECAPITULATION

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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL STYLE and CHARACTERISTICS cont.
• homophonic single melodious line with
  accompaniment and choral styles were used most
  often
  
• Emphasis was placed on the melody
• Symmetrical phrase structure
• harmonic rhythm and variation of dynamics.)
• Occasional pauses (fermatas) and rhythmic rest
  points
  
• Metric pulse was not emphasized and
  ornamentations were not used as much
  

fermata
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS
• Sonata an extended composition for one or more
  solo instruments consisting of three to four
  movements that vary in key, mood, and tempo which
  allows composers to give instrumental pieces a
  dramatic character.
• Symphony a huge musical work in four movements
  composed for the orchestra
  
• -became one of the most popular musical forms
  
  
• Concerti
• Chamber Music

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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS cont.
• Operas a composition in poetry or song that is
  accommodated to action. Tend to exhibit pictures
  of human life or depict a series of grave or
  humorous actions that go beyond ordinary interest
  for striking results. Usually sung by actors on
  stage with accompaniment of the orchestra. Very
  similar to musical theater today.

Operas of the classical period include Le Nozze
di Figaro and Die Zauberflote by Mozart.
Scene from the Opera Turandot
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CLASSICAL PERIOD

• MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT
• All musical compositions listed above were
  composed solely for entertainment
  
• Opera grew
• Chamber music became very popular
• Public concerts

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WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

• started composing at the age of 5
• Harpsichord and violin
• went on concert tours by the age of 6
• posts include Konzermeister at the Salzburg
  court, court organist, and Kammermusicus.
  
• Throughout his life, he composed 57 pieces of
  music in which eight were sonatas, four were
  symphonies, six operas and seven concertos.
  
• His most famous pieces are Recrium and Symphony
  no. 40.

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LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN

• bridge between classical and romantic
• most influential composer of the Classical
  period,
  
• his music was being published by the age of 12
• in 1802, Beethoven became.
• widely hailed and became a public figure like no
  other composer had become before
  
• Throughout his life, Beethoven composed 138
  pieces of music including 10 symphonies, 32
  sonatas, 27 pieces of chamber music, and nine
  concertos.
• His most famous works include the Moonlight
  Sonata, Choral Symphony no. 9 in d minor,
  Symphony no. 5 Fate Knocking on a door and The
  Emperor Piano Concerto.

Original Score of Beethovens Sonata in E major
Beethoven writing a music score
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FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

• known as the father of the symphony
• Choirboy
• Held posts of music director, Kapellmeister,
  director of ensembles, and palace composer
  
• mainly wrote symphonies and chamber music that
  were published all over Europe.
  
• music laid the foundations for other composers
  like Beethoven.
  
• composed over 750 works of music.
• most famous piece is the Toy Symphony.

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• When approx. 1820-1900
• Direct opposite of rationalism in the
  Enlightenment and the Classical era. Creativity,
  drama and emotion valued more than reason and
  convention.
• Freedom, especially of expression, perhaps
  inspired by social reform. Lots of new music
  vocab eg. dolente (weeping) dolce (sweetly)
  
• Melody and singing tone emphasized.
• Chromatic harmony and dissonance introduced.
• More new forms (short lyrical piano pieces, song
  composed to a poem). Longer symphonies but
  composers write fewer.
  

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• Rubato tweaking of rhythm
• Nationalism and folk elements stem from French
  revolution subsequent liberalist movements.
  
• Pessimism and fantasy emerge b/c political reform
  wasnt happening fast enough or industrial
  revolution destroyed nature.
  
• Bohemian lifestyle
• Industrial Revolution allowed innovation and
  production of instruments. ?Better orchestras
  
• Music brought from church and palace to public.
• Prestige of the musician elevated (like
  Renaissance art). Virtuosos (solo performers)
  kind of like rock stars.
  

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• Polish native (1810-1849) One of the first
  romantic pianists.
  
• Introduced dissonance
• Has elements of polish folk music in his pieces
  (mazurka and polonaise) Listen to middle section
  of the piece.
  
• Became depressed in his mid-30s, struggled with
  tuberculosis and a failed relationship, and died
  early at 39 yrs.
  
• Piece played Nocturne Op. 62 No. 1

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• A flamboyant Hungarian. Contemporary and friend
  of Chopin (1811-1886)
  
• Perhaps the biggest sensation of his time a
  virtuoso who made people swoon at his masterful
  playing, charisma and good looks. Many love
  affairs. 19th century rock star?
• Master of lyricism and drama. Also had very good
  piano technique. Bravura showy passages in
  pieces. A typical trademark of his performances
  and compositions.
• Piece played Sonetto 123 del Petrarca short
  lyric piece inspired by Petrarchs poem.
  (historical inspiration)
  

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• Robert Schumann
• Franz Schubert
• Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
• Peter Tchaikovsky
• Rachmaninov
• Mendelsson
• Paganini (violin virtuoso)

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Mahler
Strauss

• First took shape between 1883 and 1914
• (focused on the early developments rather than
  the flourish of jazz, pop and rock.)
  
• An aesthetic strategy that fought against
  the corruption of taste by commercial interests
  in arts.
  
• The essence of Modern music is
  Individuality, musical counterpart of the Modern
  development of Impressionism and Expressionism.
  

Stravinsky
Debussy
Schoenberg
Turina
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Style
Tempo Inconsistent Rhythm Polyrhythm Odd num
ber phrases Numerous time changes in one piece S
yncopation Melody Extensive range of notes Ed
gy excessive parallel chords and notes and
accidentals
Tonality Often and sudden changes in tone Atona
l Modes Harmony Discordant notes and chords N
ote clusters Great use of pedal Dynamics Vari
es intensely , while changing regularly.
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Style and Inspiration

• reflective of the contemporary movement
• progress of science
• Technology
• Industry
• positivism
• Mechanization
• Urbanization
• nationalism.
• World War I- The shock of the devastation
  and instability, caused artists to use art as a
  tool for protest and criticism
  
• e.g. Bartoks Miraculous Mandarin

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Social and Cultural Impact

• Modernism created a demand for new publishers and
  journals.
  
• Alienated a large segment of the centurys
  professional performers.
  
• However, unlike its art and literature
  counterparts, it failed to alter the tastes and
  practices of 20th century Mass Culture.
  

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Debussy (1862-1918)

• One of the precursors of
• Modernism
• Trained at the famed Paris conservatory
• Principal influences included the music of
  Russia, the exotic colors of Asian music, ideas
  from poets and writers.

"There is no theory. You have merely to listen.
Pleasure is the law."
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Parallel Chords

• Classified as a musical counterpart to the
  artistic movement known as impressionism.
  
• Debussy's music conveys a feeling of
  vagueness rather than sharply defined
  articulation.
  
• Clearly delineated harmonic progressions,
  melodies, and rhythms

Pentatonic Scale
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Joaquin Turina 1882-1949

• Inspired to write guitar, but more on piano
• Studied in his home town of Seville, at the
  Madrid conservatory and lastly in Paris.
  
• Heavily influenced by French impressionism

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• Returning to Madrid in 1914, He vowed to
  write music in a national style.
  
• Incorporated Spanish folk idioms in the music

Example Titles Sacro-Monte Sacred Mountain

Cinco danzas gitanas Five Gypsy Dances
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He explored technical possibilities-

• Great number of time changes

• Excessive use of trills

• Very sudden change of dynamics