History of Health Education and Promotion

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History of Health Education and Promotion

• Chapter 4

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Education Efforts

• When efforts failed---laws and restrictions could
  be put in place to force compliance.

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Europeans

• Jacques Rousseau
• Ideas about health and physical activity were
  outlawed in 18th century.

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Basedow

• Originator of physical education in schools
• Philanthropinuma school that strove to improve
  the quality of education by relating schoolwork
  to what was going on in the outside world.

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Pestalozzi

• Father of elementary education
• Individuality of each child is important
• Must cultivate individuality by education
• Replace system of discipline and memorization
  with love and understanding of the childs world.

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Froebel

• Originator of kindergarten

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The Pre-Modern Era
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Variations

• American education---passing informationat
  others
• Immersed in religion
• Health instruction steeped in traditions and
  superstitions

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How did the Europeans find us?

• Native Americans
• Health information communicated from
  generation-generation
• Europeans found NA practices primitive and
  superstitious

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What the Europeans brought with them..

• Disease
• NA exposed to organisms---had no immunity
• By the time the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the
  NA had been eliminated by smallpox----Cabot and
  Gosnold

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Smallpox
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Colonists

• Found life hard
• Clearing land, finding food, building homes
• Many starved, died violent deaths, infectious
  diseases---epidemic
• Smallpox---1752 in Boston only 174 of the 15,000
  were untouched.
• Sothe epidemics that the colonists brought with
  them almost wiped out NA

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Early Records/Boards of Health

• 1639---Massachusetts colony passed act---all
  births and deaths will be recorded
• 1701---Smallpox victims will be isolated
• 1790s---Local boards of health established mainly
  due to the spread of Yellow Fever.

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Yellow Fever--summer
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Education

• Harvardfounded in 1636---only college for 50
  years.
• First to require a course in hygiene
• Harvard was founded before it was mandatory for
  children to go to school!
• 1642 Massachusetts was the first to require
  children to learn to read and writemotives were
  a bit skewed.

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The Old Deluder

• Law makers wanted children to learn to read and
  write so that they could understand religion and
  law.
• Reading

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Benjamin Franklin

• Founded the Academy
• Promoted healthful situations and physical
  exercise.

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American High school

• 1821
• Short days
• Boys
• Literacy and religion

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The Pre-Industrial Era
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Land Acquisitions

• Expanded the size of the country
• Inventions and industrial growth
• Physicians---starving, bleeding, purging
  patients
• Surgeryno anesthesia
• No handwashing
• Effective drugsdigitalis and quinine

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Epidemics

• Small pox
• Typhus
• Yellow fever
• Cholera
• Tuberculosis

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Life Expectancy

• Boston--1820-1825 fell from 27.85 to 21.43

• New York26.15 to 19.69

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Financial Support

• State support increased
• 1840 Rhode Island made education mandatory

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William A. Alcott

• Father of school education
• First to write a health book suitable for children

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Horace Mann

• First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board
  of Education
• Argued that hygiene and physiology be added to
  elementary school curriculums

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Legislation

• 1837---public health was officially recognized.
• 1842Report on the Sanitary Condition of the
  Labouring Population of Great Britain---1/2 of
  the children of the working class died before age
  5

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Chadwick

• Wretched conditions of working class
• Filth and immorality of the poor were the causes
  of disease
• Authored the 1848 Public Health Act

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The Modern Era

• 1850-1910

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Lemuel Shattuck

• Father of American Public Health
• Establish state and local BOH
• Sanitation police
• Data exchange systems
• Supervision of mental health
• Public bathhouses.

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Today

• Well over half of his 50 recommendations are a
  part of current public health practice.
• His report Report of the Sanitary Commission of
  Massachusetts signaled the beginning of the
  modern era of public health.however. Many of
  the way they attacked the health problems were
  based on untrue assumptions.

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5 Divisions of the Modern Era

• Miasma phase (1850-1880)
• Bacteriology phase (1880-1910)
• Health resources phase (1910-1960)
• Social engineering phase (1960-1975)
• Health promotion phase (late 70s to present)

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Miasma

• Plague
• Bad air

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Nightengale

• Pioneer in health care and promotion.
• Defined laws of nursing and nursing as a
  profession.
• Hospital reform during the Crimean War
  (1854-1856)
• Advocate for nursing education (was none).
• ..nursing the healthy is more important than
  nursing the sick.

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American Public Health Association

• Founded in 1872
• Still in operation today
• Sets the pace for program development,
  information sharing, health education,
  legislation and advocacy.

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The Bacteriology Phase

• Time when it was discovered that specific
  microorganisms cause specific diseases. This
  enabled us to use more specific means to treat
  disease.

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Robert Koch

• Father of bacteriology
• Founded bacilli responsible for TB and cholera
• Nobel peace prize for medicine in 1903.

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Louis Pasteur

• Established the germ theory of disease

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In a famous speech before the august Academy of
Medicine in Paris he stated, "This water, this
sponge, this lint with which you wash or cover a
wound, may deposit germs which have the power of
multiplying rapidly within the tissue....If I had
the honor of being a surgeon....not only would I
use none but perfectly clean instruments, but I
would clean my hands with the greatest care...I
would us only lint, bandages and sponges
previously exposed to a temperature of 1300 to
1500 degrees. Slowly, but surely, through the
preachings of Pasteur, Lister and other
physicians antiseptic medicine and surgery became
the rule http//www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom
/special/pasteur/cohn.html
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Physical Education Movement

• Tremendous impact on health education
• 1892 Ohio
• 1899 North Dakota
• Physical education mandatory part of public
  school curricula.
• Over the next 30 years almost all states would
  pass the same laws.

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Catherine Beecher

• First female physical education leader in America

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The Era of Medical Inspection

• Schools could be useful in reducing the
  transmission of disease.
• Unsanitary conditions in 19th century
• School doctors and teachers became involved in
  crisis intervention but not prevention
• Beginning of school health services

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Medical Inspection

• Cities appointed MDs and public health workers to
  examine children and teachers.
• 1899Connecticut required vision screenings
• 1902 New Yorkroutine screenings for eye and
  skin disease
• 1911over 100 cities had school nurses

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Modern Health Crusade

• Beginning of the 20th centuryawareness of
  childrens health problems led to greater
  acceptance for the need for health education.
• The Modern Health Crusade of the National TB
  Association---massive effort to improve health
  behavior of school children.

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Simple Health Rules

• Sleep with windows open
• Have fresh air at work and play
• Breathe through nose
• Get the rest of your family to do the same

• Eat nourishing foodsdont eat or drink anything
  that weakens the body
• Make sure what you put in your mouth is clean
• Exercise everyday
• Dont smoke before you grow up?

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Open-Air Classrooms

• High rates of airborne illnesses led to the idea
  of open air classrooms
• US 1904 on Coney Island
• Late 1930 over 1100 open air schools existed

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The Modern Era

• 1910-Present

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Video Review

• Part I
• Disease Health
• RA 418.D6